Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Purpose and Objectives of Management

The purpose of management is to improve an organization's productive contributions. It is responsible from an ethical, social, and strategic standpoint. An administrative objective is a goal that requires a defined action. Orientation suggests extra effort for a leader.

Purpose of Administration

Achieving common goals through planning, organizing, directing, and controlling activities, and using resources to satisfy the needs of a society.

Importance of Administration

• Basics: Universality, simplification of work, productivity and efficiency, common good.
• It gives effect to human efforts.
• It helps to get the best staff, equipment, materials, money, and human relationships.
• It provides foresight and creativity.
• Continuous

Key Features of Colloquial Language

Suprasegmental Elements

Intonation, accents, tone, and rhythm are critical elements in conveying meaning.

Word Order Flexibility

Speakers often rearrange words to emphasize items of interest, leading to a more logical flow.

Statement Complexity

Colloquial language often involves elaborations, anacolutha (shifts in grammatical construction), mixed styles, and syntactic displacement. For example, "The keys, where did I put them?"

Contextual References (Deixis)

Frequent use of deictic elements like "I," "you," and "now" that rely on the shared context for interpretation.

Discourse Markers

Increased use of discourse markers such as "then," "well," "okay," and "man" to structure conversation.

Relaxed Enunciation

Characterized... Continue reading "Understanding Spoken Language: Key Features and Oral Genres" »

Self-Access Language Learning 1996

Newsletter of the Hong Kong Association for Self-Access Learning & Development.

Self-Access & Collaborative Learning

Hong Kong has the highest concentration of self-access language learning facilities in the world. Within this concentration, there is diversity in whether facilities cater to individual or collaborative work. The individual-group dimension of self-access aligns with some preoccupations in language learning theory, namely: individualization and collaborative learning, empowerment, cultural preferences, and the technologization of learning.

Individualization and Collaborative Learning

Self-access is often accused of promoting individualistic approaches to language learning. This is a result... Continue reading "Self-Access Language Learning in Hong Kong" »

ODA: Official Development Assistance

Official Development Assistance (ODA) is the economic contribution of states to development, free of charge, or better than those offered by the international market, even though it has many limitations, such as insufficiency.

Economic Globalization

This type of globalization implies global interdependence in the production, exchange, and consumption of goods.

Multinational Corporations

These are product/service companies based in one country with affiliates in various states across the globe. They act with a global strategy.

IGIEA: Index of Governance of the International Economy

This index measures the capacity and legitimacy of each country to participate in the governance of the global economy in the economic... Continue reading "Key Concepts in International Development and Economics" »

The Use of Galician

Galician's habitat is predominantly in rural areas and villages, where it is the majority language. However, it is a minority language in cities. Older Galician speakers predominate among the older generations, while its presence is reduced among the younger population.

Three Positive Aspects of the Use of Galician

• Official recognition: Galician is recognized as an official language.
• Attitudes and prejudices: Negative attitudes towards Galician have gradually reduced. Over 80% of the population has a positive view and welcomes its enhancement.
• Increased use: Its use has increased in public media, cultural life, education, and commercial activity.

Language Definitions

• Original language: The language a person learns to speak and

Understanding Semantics: Key Concepts

Here's a breakdown of essential semantic terms:

• Meaningful: A sequence of phonemes or letters received by the speaker.
• Meaning: A psychic image associated with a particular signifier.
• Semantic: The discipline that deals with the meaning of signs, words, and sentences.
• Linguistic Context: The words surrounding a particular word.
• Extralinguistic Context: The situation in which a word is pronounced.
• Sema: Each basic feature that breaks down the meaning of a word.
• Semantic Field: Words associated together because they belong to the same grammatical category and share part of their meaning. Defined by the seme.

Semantic Field Types

• Closed Field: Fixed.
• Open Field: Not fixed.

• Denotation: The objective meaning common to all

Party Democracy

Duverger, in Political Parties, discussed the position of modern political parties between representatives and their constituency. He argued that the classical theory of representation never corresponded to reality. He interpreted the classical theory as an ingenious mechanism whose purpose was the transfer of national sovereignty, officially proclaimed as the real sovereignty of Parliament.

The post-Schumpeterian perception of political representation doubted that representation could be more than a mechanism for choosing the government. Thus, sociological representation, the similarity between the political views of the nation and Parliament, seems a mystery. Sociological representation seems like the relationship between a... Continue reading "Party Democracy: Political Parties and Representation" »

Media Saturation: Drill in Media and Entertainment

Life is a simulation influenced by media saturation and the inflation of media discourses within transnational capitalism. The proliferation of media companies subjects individuals to the media as the primary means of participating in public life. Events often feel beyond our control, compelling us to engage with media discourses that simplify reality.

We often mistake this simplification for reality, unaware that we are living in a simulation. The pervasive influence of media leads us to believe that everything presented is real, blurring the lines between authenticity and fabrication. Our social lives are increasingly shaped by media portrayals of social reality. The perception of reality... Continue reading "Media Saturation: Navigating Simulation and Spectacle" »

Karl Marx: Understanding Human Nature and Society

Alienation in Capitalist Society

For Marx, humans actualize themselves throughout history by transforming society and nature. Therefore, humans are above all active, practical beings, since labor is their main activity. Work puts humans in relation with nature and with other people. Nature appears as the "inorganic body of man." Humans are also built by society through work and in relationship with others.

Marx focuses on the alienation of the worker in capitalist society. It is at work where a person should be emphasized as a human. But under the conditions of salaried work, quite the opposite occurs: what is produced is an alienated person:

• With respect to the product of their work, that they

Flow lexicon.

Is the set of words that a language offers its speakers.

Words heritage.

It's that, from Vulgar Latin, have evolved over the centuries in popular usage (now ).

Cultism.

Words of Latin or Greek origin eventually incorporated into Castilian by speakers familiar with those classics. Its phonetic connection to the Latin word origin is greater than the words property (verdict ).

Doublets.

Are the cases where, from the same Latin base, attend one word equity and other types of cultism:

Loanwords.

These are the words of other languages that have been incorporated into Castilian. According to the source language, we call

Tracings.

They are adaptations of foreign words translated its entirety formants: basketball (English basket-ball).

Onomatopoeia.