Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

1.Definition Of methodology?

Science that analyses the way that Other sciences analyse science. Meta+logos=Above science

2.Two Methodologies?

General – Looks commonalities (about identity) of all sciences

Specific – Looks at differences in sciences, not all methods can be used in all sciences

3.Methodenstreit?
1) Monists – Claim there is a single Methodology for all sciences, sciences use more or less the same methodology

2) Dualists – A single methodology cannot be applied to every Science 

4.Goal Of science?
   Practical – To improve the quality of Life
   Theoretical – To seek for the truth

5.Methodological Instrumentalism (Friedman) vs realism (Samuelson)
Debate about explanation and prediction.
Example: Predicting Croatian exchange... Continue reading "Empirical-analytical vs ontological-normative" »

We could define participatory culture as one with:

1. Relatively low barriers to artistic expression and civic engagement,

2. Strong support for creating and sharing creations with others,

3. Some type of informal mentorship whereby what is known by the most Experienced is passed along to novices,

4. Members who believe that their contributions matter, and

5. Members who feel some degree of social connection with one another (at the least, they care what other people think about what they have created).

“Fan” is an abbreviated form of the word “fanatic,” which has its roots In the Latin word “fanaticus.” It assumed more negative connotations, “Of Persons inspired by orgiastic rites and enthusiastic frenzy”

For Jenkins, following

Categories of Countries Receiving Special Attention

• Least Developed Countries (47 countries)
• Landlocked Developing Countries (32 countries)
• Small Island Developing States

Commissions

• Trade and Development Commission
• Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission
• Commission on Science and Technology for Development (CSTD)

The International Labor Organization (ILO)

The ILO is devoted to promoting social justice and internationally recognized human and labor rights. It was established in 1919 and became the first specialized agency of the United Nations in 1946. It has 187 members.

Key Issues

• Youth employment
• Social protection
• Decent work and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

Strategic Objectives

• Promote and realize standards and rights at work.

NORMS AFFECTING TRANSLATION: According to Toury Preliminary norms (which includes translation policy and directness of translation) Operational norms (Matricial norms, Textual-linguistic norms).

Teleworking, also known as remote work, has become more relevant in recent years due to the accelerated digital transformation that the world of work has experienced. This modality of work refers to the possibility of carrying out tasks from any place that has Internet access, allowing employees to have more flexibility in terms of hours and geographic location.

Among the benefits of teleworking are the reduction of costs for the company in terms of infrastructure and services, the reduction of travel time for employees, the possibility of working with professionals from anywhere in the world and the improvement of the reconciliation between work and personal life. Additionally, it can be a viable option for people with disabilities or travel... Continue reading "How do computers affect the way people work spend free time?" »

Chartism Movement (1838-1848)

Between 1838 and 1848, the British labor movement engaged in political action through Chartism. This movement in England sought to pressure Parliament by collecting signatures in support of certain letters which claimed specific rights. In one of these, in 1838, a democratic program based on universal male suffrage was defined. Chartism organized strikes, but the movement failed because of repression, internal divisions, and the defeat of the revolution of 1848 in Europe.

Workers met in republican and leftist organizations in favor of universal male suffrage. After that revolution, socialist doctrines began to create class parties, exclusively for workers.

Utopian Socialism

Utopian socialism is a term that designates... Continue reading "British Chartism and Utopian Socialists" »

Introduction

This study examines the origins and development of new technologies, exploring their impact on both businesses and society.

Origin of New Technologies

The technological boom of the 1990s, marked by the birth of the internet and the end of the Cold War, laid the foundation for the rapid advancement of new technologies. This period ushered in an era of globalization, with economies worldwide striving for technological and economic progress. The emergence of advanced computers with operating systems like Windows NT, 95, 98, XP, and iOS revolutionized business operations by streamlining administrative processes.

Effects of New Technologies on Society

Technological advancements have significantly impacted society, particularly in the realm... Continue reading "Impact of New Technologies on Business and Society" »

NATO: resort to force

- Bombing carried out by NATO: 14 members on basis of shame with failure of diplomacy to end Yugoslav wars from 1991-1995

- Also out of concern that Kosovar Albanians 100% of Kosovo’s population were at risk of ethnic cleansing

- War done without explicit approval of UNSC on basis that Russia and China would veto any notion for military action and that public would not support action that was explicitly rejected by the council

- All recommendations, resolutions and votes of institutions, including EU, NATO, OSCE and UN were being ignored for violated by Yugoslav forces, leaving military action as only option left.

- Although intervention only carried out in support of UNSC revolutions and with authorization, there was no... Continue reading "NATO Intervention in Yugoslav Wars: Legal and Ethical Considerations" »

In the 19th century, reaction movements began to emerge against the foundations of the classical school of economics. The Historical School developed in Germany between 1834 and 1883, extending its influence across Europe and the USA.

Branches of the Historical School

Within this school, two distinct currents are usually identified: the "Old Historical School" and the "Modern Historical School." Some of the common features shared by both currents include:

• The defense of the historical inductive method.
• The view of the State as a driver of development, proposing its intervention in favor of the weakest members of society.

Key Representatives of the Historical School

The Old Historical School

The principal representatives of the "Old Historical School"... Continue reading "19th Century Economic Thought: Historical School and Early Socialism" »

Work Motivation & Job Design