Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

European Parliament: The Directly Elected EU Body

The European Parliament (EP) is the only directly elected institution of the European Union.

Competences and Functions

• Legislative Powers
  • Pass laws with the Council based on Commission proposals.
  • Propose laws.
  • Decide on international agreements.
• Supervisory Powers
  • Provide oversight of EU institutions.
  • Handle citizens' petitions and inquiries.
  • Elect the Commission President.
  • Question the Commission and Council.
• Budgetary Powers
  • Establish the budget with the Council.
  • Approve the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF).

Institutional Relations

• EU heads of state propose a candidate for Commission President, considering European election results; the candidate is elected by the EP.
• Parliament must approve the appointment

Critical Ideology

He believed in a descriptive and interpretative criticism that was objective. You tell what the poem says, you explain what the poem looks like, and you give meaning to it. There is a kind of criticism omitted that is called Judicial criticism. The judgement should be as little contaminated by personality and subjectivity of the critic. It should be as distant as possible from the personality of the critic because the most important critical judgement forms itself without a relation with the critic.

The critic should have fresh knowledge and let out his own judgement. Here we have the clash between objectivity and subjectivity because the critic has to be objective and let the judgement pass along as a secondary factor of knowledge.... Continue reading "Understanding Critical Ideology: Objective Literary Analysis" »

European parlament

Composition .By universal sufferage every  five  years

Function .Mostly legislative ,together with the council of the European union  : controlling the work and approving the EU Budget

Seat : the Principal are in straousburg , france

 European Council

Composition : head of state or members of  all Members states . The president of the eu is selected in two and a half years

Functioons : guarantees  the continuity of the Councils work and promotes agreement between  members state

Seat . BRUSELAS

Council of The European Union

Composition . Minister of the member states . The council meets to discuss different Issues  : agriculture  social policies , economuy

Function . Responsible Of passing Eu laws and approving  the Budget

Seat... Continue reading "3 pillars of negotiation" »

Free and Fair Elections in Nigeria and Mexico

A bilingual education provides two languages to students simultaneously. Most programs are structured to teach in one language during one part of the day and the other language for the remaining portion of the day.

Pros of a Bilingual Education

• Boosts brain power: Learning a second language can enhance cognitive function. Lab tests reveal that speaking two languages profoundly affects the brain and changes how the nervous system responds to sound.
• Protects the brain: Being fluent in two languages may help keep the brain sharper for longer.
• Enhances problem-solving: According to a new study, bilingual children outperform monolingual peers in problem-solving skills and creative thinking.
• Greater mental flexibility: Fluent bilinguals likely possess

The Profound Influence of Viking Loanwords

The second major source of loanwords to Old English were the Scandinavian words introduced during the Viking invasions of the ninth and tenth centuries.

These loanwords consist mainly of:

• A great many place names.
• Items of basic vocabulary (e.g., sky, leg).
• Words concerned with particular administrative aspects of the Danelaw.

The Danelaw was the area of land under Viking control, which included extensive holdings all along the eastern coast of England and Scotland.

The Vikings spoke Old Norse, a language related to Old English because both derived from the same ancestral Proto-Germanic language. It is very common for the intermixing of speakers of different dialects, such as those that occur during times... Continue reading "Linguistic Foundations: From Viking Loanwords to Modern English Structure" »

• Stoic: Strong, calm before disaster.
• Synonyms: Firm, calm, impassive, resigned, patient, tolerant.
• Antonyms: Conformist, impatient.
• Stranger: What is or is out of place; abroad.
• Synonyms: Foreign, strange, foreigner, alien, exotic.
• Antonyms: Native, indigenous.
• Landowner: A person owning land or property, especially large agricultural areas.
• Synonyms: Farmer, landowner, owner, tycoon.
• Antonyms:
• Albino: A living being that has more or less complete congenital lack of pigmentation in the skin, eyes, and hair, due to a lack of melanin.
• Synonyms: Clear, off-white, white, albugineous.
• Antonyms:
• Follower: A person who follows the teachings and other models, especially following a school or style of an earlier generation.
• Synonyms: Follower.
• Actuary:
• a) Assistant

The Spanish Electoral System

Spain holds several types of elections for different levels of government, each with its own set of rules and representation systems.

• Local Authorities: Elects city and town councillors.
• Autonomous Parliaments: Elects members for the regional governments.
• National Parliament (Cortes Generales): Elects members for the Congress of Deputies and the Senate.
• European Parliament: Elects Spain's representatives (MEPs).

Most elections, including those for the Congress, Autonomous Parliaments, and European Parliament, use a proportional representation system based on the D'Hondt method.

The Congress of Deputies: Proportional Representation

The Congress of Deputies has 350 members. The electoral district in Spain is the province,... Continue reading "Understanding Spain's Electoral System and D'Hondt Method" »

Villa Savoye: Le Corbusier's Architectural Vision

The renewal of architecture in the 19th century, particularly in Chicago, marked the beginning of modernism. The early 20th century witnessed an architectural revolution, breaking away from technical, formal, and aesthetic traditions to establish a new language. This revolution mirrored the economic shifts brought about by the Industrial Revolution. This modern architectural renewal is linked to rationalism and organicism.

Villa Savoye stands as one of the most emblematic works of the 20th century, representing the rationalism movement. Le Corbusier is celebrated as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century.

Identification of Villa Savoye

Villa Savoye is a family residence nestled in nature... Continue reading "Villa Savoye: Le Corbusier's Rationalist Masterpiece" »

Different Philosophical Perspectives on Entrepreneurship

2.1. R. Cantillon (Father of Political Economy)

"As a person who pays a certain price for a product to resell it at an uncertain price, thereby making decisions about obtaining and using resources while consequently admitting the risk of enterprise."

- The Focus of Cantillon's definition of an entrepreneur is on:

1. Entrepreneur's function
2. Their role as an uncertainty-bearer in the market

Market-Based Perspectives

Adam Smith (1770) [The Father of Economics]

An entrepreneur is an individual who undertakes the formation of an organization for commercial purposes by recognizing the potential demand for goods and services, and thereby acts as an economic agent, transforming demand into supply.

Leon Walras