Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Restoration

New political movement

Restore the situation of previous monarchies (bring back absolutism)

Congress of Vienna 1815 managed to produce peaceful balance of powers among the empires after Napoleonic wars

Spread of revolutionary movements (weren't unable to stop them)

• Middle class influenced by ideals of democracy of F.R
• Industrial revolution brought economical+social changes
• Lower classes were influenced by socialist, communist and anarchist ideas.

Liberalism

Development of personal freedom and social progress

Consider democracy unhealthy because encouraged mass participation into politics

Changed the social order through the further extension of democracy

Liberals fought against oppression, arbitrariness things of power

Emphasized needs for free... Continue reading "Restoration, Liberalism, and Nationalism: Political Movements in the 19th Century" »

Organizational Structures

Decentralized Organizations

Flat Structure: Highly flexible, with close proximity to the director.

Multi-Local: Products are adapted to the specific needs of each market.

Transnational: The same product is offered in every market.

Centralized Organizations

Tall Structure: Characterized by control and rigidity.

Matrix Structure

Designed to avoid duplication and promote knowledge and experience sharing.

Federal Organizational Model

Authority flows from the periphery to the center.

Other Key Concepts

Innovation: Can be fostered by various organizational structures.

Standardization Skills: Crucial for professional organizations.

Divisional Structure: Products are marketed within the company.

Departments: Enhance efficiency.

Improved Hierarchy:

Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution brought about profound changes. Key consequences included:

• International Relevance

  The international standing of countries began to be measured by their level of industrialization.

• Economic Activities

  Economic activities like agriculture, commerce, and the financial system received an impulse with the introduction of new technology.

• Urban Expansion

  Factories were situated in towns, leading people to emigrate from rural areas to look for work, causing significant urban growth.

• Science and Technological Research

  Increased focus on scientific and technological research aimed at finding new methods, techniques, and materials.

Key industries included the exploitation of mineral resources,... Continue reading "Social and Economic Changes from Industrialization" »

The English dominance the future in Latin America

In this article let's talk about the English dominance in the future of Latin America. Although most countries in Latin America speak Spanish, English has become the second most important language around the world. The United States, being one of the most influential countries, has made English dominant. This is why this topic has been selected, as there may be more native speakers of Portuguese, Spanish, Quechua, or French, but it is English they speak when they talk across cultures, and English they teach their children to help them become citizens of an ever more advanced world.

In the time of globalization and technology, English dominates the world as no language ever has, and some linguists... Continue reading "The Future of English Dominance in Latin America" »

Personality

• Individual differences (thinking, feeling)

Aptitude

• Natural ability to do something (SSA)

Interest

• Attract your attention (AAI)

Character

• The way someone thinks, someone's personality

Temperament

• Usual attitude or behavior of a person

Learning Styles

• Visual
  • Spacial
  • Linguistic
  • Mathematical
  • Intrapersonal
• Auditory
  • Musical
  • Linguistic
• Kinaesthetic
  • Bodily
  • Mathematical
  • Interpersonal
• Read/Write
• Kinaesthetic

Multiple Intelligences

• Spatial
  • Uses space
• Linguistic
  • Verbal expression, redaction, etc.
• Mathematical
  • Good with maths
• Intrapersonal
  • Relation with oneself
• Musical
  • Sing, play instruments, etc.
• Bodily
  • Physical activity
• Interpersonal
  • Relation with other people
• Naturistic
  • Appreciate nature

Rydgren: Uncivicness and Populist Voting

Neither mass society nor social capital theories explain support for radical right-wing populism in Eastern Europe (EE). Despite EE's historically weaker social capital compared to Western Europe, empirical results don't link rising populism to weak civil society.

Factors Fostering Extreme Right Movements

1. Diminished roles of family, community, and traditional organizations lead to detachment.
2. Decline of the pluralist society.
3. Social isolation leads to joining authoritarian movements offering 'quasi-communities'.

Social isolation, more common in urban settings, explains support for the radical right.

Varga: Hungary's Far-Right Jobbik

This reading examines post-communist far-right parties, focusing on Jobbik's... Continue reading "Right-Wing Populism in Eastern Europe: Social Capital & Jobbik" »

Democracy:

It is a political system in which power lies with the people.

Main Characteristics:

• Freedom: Related to the idea of justice, equality, and human rights. People are free to give their opinion.
• Power Division: In democracy, political power is divided into three parts: executive done by the government, legislative done by the parliament, and judicial done by the judges.
• Equality: In democracy, all people are supposed to be equal.
• Representative: People take part in politics by voting for their representatives who will legislate or govern.

Political Systems:

• Monarchy: The head of the state is a king or a queen.
• Republic: Where the head of the state is elected.
• Oligarchy: The political system where the authority rules without any limit.

In a democracy,... Continue reading "Democracy: A Political System of Freedom, Power Division, and Equality" »

Franz and the Last Lesson

Franz's Expectations and Regrets

Q. What was Franz expected to be prepared with for school that day?

Franz was expected to be prepared with his lesson on participles, as announced by his French teacher, M. Hamel. However, Franz hadn't studied them.

Q. Why did Franz want to spend his day out of doors?

Franz was tempted by the beautiful weather and the allure of nature, contrasting with the confinement of the classroom.

Q. Why did Franz repent?

Franz repented because he realized the value of education and the importance of his native language, which he had taken for granted.

M. Hamel's Perspective

Q. What are M. Hamel's views about the French language?

M. Hamel cherished the French language, considering it the most beautiful language... Continue reading "Understanding "The Last Lesson": A Q&A Exploration" »

Feminists are also critical of the family. They accept that biological differences exist between women and men. Many differences are actually created by society. The family contributes to the creation of these differences through primary socialization problems. Young children learn how they are expected to behave not only as individual people, but as males and females. Feminists argue that families are patriarchal, based on male power and dominance over women.

Domestic Violence within Families

Some approaches highlight the apparent increase in violence within the home in order to show that families are not necessarily havens for their members.

How Have Relationships within Families Changed Over Time?

Sociologists touch upon issues of gender and... Continue reading "The Feminist Approach: Gender Roles and Changes in Families" »