Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Word Order in English and Spanish

In English, we find:

• DETERMINER + adjective + noun
• Determiner + noun + adjective
• Adjective as subject complement
• Adjective as object complement (e.g., He made his wife happy)

In Spanish and English, the attributive function shows the following word orders:

• Spanish: Noun + adjective, Adjective + noun
• English: Adjective + noun, Noun + adjective

In English, there are several cases in which the position of adjectives is usually postnominal:

Indefinite pronouns ending in -body, -one, -thing, -where can be modified only postpositively.

Textual Equivalence

Aim: To explore how word order controls information flow and other strategies at the text level.

Cohesive Devices

Cohesive devices include reference, substitution, ellipsis,... Continue reading "Word Order, Cohesion, and Conjunction in English and Spanish" »

1. Reasons for European Expansion

   Which of the following was not a reason for European expansion during the Age of Imperialism?

   • Drive to increase national prestige
   • Need for markets and raw materials
   • Zeal to spread Christianity
   • Desire for slaves

2. Colonization of Africa in the Late 19th Century

   During the late nineteenth century, Africa was colonized and controlled by:

   • Muslim traders
   • Many European countries
   • England and Russia
   • France

3. Spheres of Influence

   Which country was carved into spheres of influence by European powers in the late nineteenth century?

   • India
   • Korea
   • China
   • Japan

4. Colonial Policies Regarding Native Customs

   Colonial officials often discouraged native peoples from:

   • Practicing traditional customs and rituals.
   • Adopting Western lifestyles.
   • Learning English languages.

We must distinguish between the grammatical category of tense and the semantic category of time. Time is a non-linguistic concept with three divisions: past, present, and future. Tense is a grammatical category that is realized by verb inflection; by tense, we understand the correspondence between the form of the verb and the concept of time. There are just two tenses in English, present and past. However, there is no obvious future tense in English corresponding to the time/tense relation for present and past. Instead, there are several possibilities for denoting future time.

The Term Aspect

refers to a grammatical category which concerns the manner in which a verbal action is experienced or regarded, for example, as complete or in progress.... Continue reading "Understanding Tense, Aspect, Number, and Concord in English Grammar" »

Organized Trips

It's true that today many people decide to pay for organized trips because it is very comfortable. However, other people don't because they see disadvantages in organized trips.

Advantages of Organized Trips

On the one hand, organized trips include visits to the most famous and most visited places. This allows you to avoid planning all the visits and worrying about what to do first. Usually, it also includes accommodation, and because of this, there is no trouble booking last minute. It is likely that organized trips help you waste less time.

Disadvantages of Organized Trips

On the other hand, sometimes if you go to a place with an organized trip you can't see the places that you want. Organized trip visits usually have a limited... Continue reading "Organized Trips, Owning a Car, and Ideal Transport" »

Matthew Arnold: The Victorian Critic

Matthew Arnold (1822–1888) was a prominent Victorian poet and critic. He defines literary criticism as a "disinterested endeavour to learn and propagate the best that is known and thought in the world." He strove hard to fulfil this aim in his critical writings. Attaching paramount importance to poetry in his essay "The Study of Poetry," he regards the poet as a seer. Without poetry, science is incomplete, and much of religion and philosophy would, in the future, be replaced by poetry. Such, in his estimate, are the high destinies of poetry.

Poetry as a Criticism of Life

Arnold asserts that literature, and especially poetry, is a "criticism of life." In poetry, this criticism of life must conform to the laws... Continue reading "Matthew Arnold's Theory of Poetry and Criticism" »

Matthew Arnold's Touchstone Theory in Literary Criticism

The kind of poetry capable of sustaining the responsibility of leading society, according to Matthew Arnold, should possess high seriousness. It ought to be a solemn form of poetry, not comic, and reflective of Victorian ideals. Arnold introduced the concept of touchstones to evaluate such poetry.

Defining the Touchstone Theory

A touchstone is traditionally an instrument used to determine the quality of something. When Matthew Arnold discusses touchstones, he employs a metaphor referring to a set of criteria. With these criteria, one can apply them to poems to assess their function and quality. He identified three types of literary estimates:

• Personal Estimate: Based on individual feelings,

Origins of ETA and Basque Nationalism

Nearly the entire leadership of Euzko Ikasle Alkartasuna (EIA), a clandestine student group, was arrested in 1954. The remaining members of the group didn't want to make the same mistakes they had made during the late 1940s.

At the same time, the clandestine network of the Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (EAJ-PNV) had been severely weakened, leaving a number of young activists to organize their own activities independently of established groups.

The Formation of Ekin and Intellectual Roots

During 1951, a group of young people—some of whom had been active in EIA—began meeting on an informal basis in Bilbao for secret discussions in Basque about common interests and Basque culture in general. The group began to take... Continue reading "ETA and Basque Nationalism: Origins During the Franco Era" »

What is quality management?

Quality management does not aim to assure good quality, but rather to ensure that an organization or product is consistent. It has four main components:

• quality planning
• quality control
• quality assurance (garantía)
• quality improvement

Its principles include meeting customer requirements, leadership and involvement of people, understanding and managing all interrelated processes as a system, continual improvement, and making decisions based on data analysis and information.

Quality Management in Construction Projects

Quality refers to products or services, while quality management refers to processes. According to the ISO 9000 standards, all projects should have their own audited quality management systems. Every project... Continue reading "Quality Management in Construction Projects: Essential Components and Principles" »

The Future of Our Nation: Empowering the Youth

The vision of our country lies in the hands of our youth. They are filled with tremendous and towering ambitions. It would be a great waste of human resources if these young people were not given the opportunity to exercise their talents.

Core Roles of the Youth

Education: Building Better Citizens

• The primary role of young people is to acquire a quality education to become better citizens of tomorrow. They must learn the skills necessary to support their country’s economy and develop the ability to read, write, think, analyze, and discuss the critical issues their nation faces.

Innovation and Social Change

• Youth is the spring of life—an age of discovery and dreams. Young people are fighters who advocate

Process of Scientific Research

Following is the general process of scientific research

1. Sensing or realizing a problem
2. Problem Identification
3. Theoretical framework
4. Formulation of hypothesis
5. Research design
6. Collection of data
7. Analysis of data
8. Generalization and interpretation

Explanation of points

1. Sensing or realizing a problem
   Generally, research is conducted to solve the problem. There are several problems in our environment. Some problems affect the environment. Hence, one has to observe the situation and then sense or realize the problem.
2. Problem Identification
   There are many problems in our environment. We must have sense to identify the problem which are affecting our environment. Only symptoms do not indicate the problem. So, in this step, the researcher