Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Cont 4: New Movement Shift from Faith to Science

It started questioning what’s happening around him/her. Nature went from being feared and respected to something to be tamed and subdued. During the period of conquest, modern anthropology was birthed. Michel Eyquem put forward a very important aspect at the basis of modern anthropology, which is relativism (written by looking at cannibalism). It is the belief that there is no absolute truth, only the truth that a particular individual or culture happens to believe.

Second Shock: Raw Materials to Semi-Finished Products

The industrial system experienced a revolution in each country, leading to more factories and increased human labor. This enabled another idea of evolutionism to appear (Darwin)... Continue reading "The Evolution of Anthropology: From Faith to Science" »

Impact of Factories on Society

The establishment of factories was a pivotal development during the Industrial Revolution, profoundly transforming daily life and society. This document examines the most significant impacts of the factory system, focusing on both the economic shifts it brought about and the severe conditions endured by child laborers.

Economic Shifts and Urbanization

Factories played a crucial role in the burgeoning economy. Prior to their advent, economies were predominantly agrarian. The rise of factories spurred mass migration to cities for various reasons. Initially, factories offered abundant job opportunities with relatively good wages, leading to increased wealth generation. However, as factory efficiency improved and automation... Continue reading "Industrial Revolution: Factories, Economy, and Child Labor" »

The Agrarian Revolution

The agrarian revolution started in England in the first half of the 18th century. There were changes in land property innovations in respect to farming techniques.

• There was a concentration of land plots (complots), in which common land became private property, meant the loss of rights of the peasant. As a consequence, part of the rural population had to migrate to the cities, where they looked for work in the factories, becoming part of the incipient proletariat.

The Technical Revolution

The technical revolution occurred particularly in two areas:

• Energy: The invention of the steam engine by Watt was the motor of change. The steam engine could be applied to the textile industry and to transport, of the steam train and the

The Constant Role of Language Learning

Throughout the history of education, learning a foreign language or languages has been a constant component. Of course, many people feel that this is really an unnecessary part of education for everyone, but this is not a point of view that I share.

Arguments Against Mandatory Language Learning

Opponents of learning a foreign language might argue that most people do not travel that often outside their own country. In addition to this, out of all the countries of the world, comparatively few share the same language. Therefore, learning a foreign language will only be useful for the very limited time that one spends in a country where this language is used. For some people, the language might never be used... Continue reading "The Enduring Value of Learning Languages in Education" »

The Challenge to the Conservative Order

A series of uprisings, revolutions, and wars challenged the Conservative Order in 1820, 1830, and 1848. They were strongly influenced by the following factors:

• Liberalism: The French Revolution proved it was possible to end royal absolutism and spread the ideals of 'Liberty, Equality, and Brotherhood' throughout Europe. According to liberalism, the powers of a monarch needed to be restricted by a constitution that respected the people.
• Nationalism: National identities grew in many parts of Europe in response to the Napoleonic invasion. There were national movements in states like the Ottoman and Austrian Empires, which ruled over many different peoples.

The Revolutions of 1820 and 1830

• Spain: There was a period

Why the Upsurge in Globalization?

1. Increased Customer Demands and Access

• Demand for more value for money
• Preference for global brands over local brands
• Access to global distributors

2. Increased Technological Innovation

Improved ICT facilitates access to markets, partners, and global networks.

3. Increased Power of Emerging Markets

4. Increased Globalization of Financial Markets

5. Shared R&D and Global Sourcing

• Companies spread their research across multiple countries.
• Outsourcing is more of a rule than an exception.

6. Evolving Government Trade Policies

Governments try to attract foreign investments.

Consequences of Globalization

Pros

• Free Trade Objective: No borders, fewer tariffs, lower prices, cost reduction, open markets.
• More Employment: New jobs,

Curriculum Determination Authority

The curriculum is determined by several entities:

• The European Union
• The Council of Europe
• The Spanish Government (Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte): Responsible for LOE (2007) and LOMCE (2013)
• The Balearic Government (Conselleria d’Educació i Cultura)
• The School
• The Teacher

Stages of Implementation

The framework follows this progression:

Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (The European Union) → BOE: State (Spain): LOMCE → BOIB: Autonomous Community (Balearic Islands) → PEC: School → Course Program: Teacher.

Major Education Laws in Spain

1970: LGE (Ley General de Educación)

• It was in effect for 10 years.
• It could not be changed for 20 years to allow time for implementation and assessment

Escalation and Revolutionary Measures

When Parisian militants expelled the Girondins, they “regenerated” their own sectional assemblies by purging local moderates. Radicals, including Jacques-René Hébert and Pierre-Gaspard Chaumette, subsequently took control of the Paris Commune. On September 5, 1793, they organized a mass demonstration, urging the National Convention to ensure affordable food prices and to implement terror as a reality.

In response, the Convention, in conjunction with the Committee of Public Safety, took decisive actions to control the popular movement. They proclaimed the necessity of terror against the Revolution's enemies, addressed economic crimes, and decreed a system known as the Maximum (price and wage control)... Continue reading "The Reign of Terror: French Revolution's Era of Radical Control" »

Social Transformations in the Modern Age

Before this period, people commonly ate with their hands. In the 16th century, Catherine de' Medici introduced the fashion of eating with a fork in the French court, but this custom took a long time to spread widely.

Hygiene and Health Beliefs

Bathing or washing was often not considered advisable because it was believed that water spread disease. Some people also considered washing impure from a religious perspective. Instead, they rubbed themselves with a piece of cloth or only washed their clothes. Bad smells were neutralized with perfumes.

The Role of Women and Infant Mortality

In the Modern Age, women were often considered less important than men. Their main function was to bear many children, despite... Continue reading "Renaissance Transformations: Social, Cultural, and Scientific Shifts" »

Liberalism: Core Principles

Liberalism is an ideology that advocates for individual liberties. Key principles include:

• Guaranteed citizens' rights and liberties.
• Constitutional monarchy as a form of government.
• Separation of powers: Executive power held by the monarch/government, legislative power by the Cortes, and judicial power by the courts.

Nationalism: Defining the Nation-State

Nationalism advocates for the right of people who define themselves as a nation to form independent states.

• Nation-state: Based on a population with common links.
• Popular sovereignty.
• Self-determination: Each nation chooses its own form of government.

Types of Nationalism

• Unification: Advocates for the unification of independent states with a common language and history.
• Separatist: