Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Social sciences

Cooperation and Aggression in Human Nature

Aggression and Violence: Elements inherent to human nature? Thomas Hobbes believed that man is essentially selfish, seeking only his own benefit. According to Hobbes, competition and rivalry are natural among men, while cooperation and solidarity arise later.

Sociological Darwinism

This theory posits that just as individuals and species evolve, so do societies. One of the various mechanisms that promote this progress is the struggle for survival. Thus, conflict is seen as an essential mechanism for human progress.

External Factors Influencing Behavior

This perspective suggests that violence and conflict in social life are not inherent in human nature. Humans are not inherently aggressive and competitive,... Continue reading "Human Nature: Socialization, Cooperation, and Conflict" »

Spanish Literature in the 18th Century

The Enlightenment

In the 18th century, European thought underwent a major change, initially in more advanced nations like England and France, and later in other countries. The sense of security that had existed in many aspects of human thought in previous centuries began to disappear.

The bourgeoisie began to dominate as a social class, disputing the political power of the nobility. With the rise of the bourgeoisie came the spread of the Enlightenment. This movement rejected ideological, political, and religious dogma. Opposed to the principle of authority that existed before, it now only supported conclusions reached through free human reason.

By mid-century, the Encyclopedia, led by Diderot and d'Alembert,... Continue reading "Spanish Literature in the 18th Century: Enlightenment to Pre-Romanticism" »

Didactics

Didactics is the layering of teaching that guides students through the knowledge possessed by the teacher. So that art students have more learning, professional resources are used. It is based on psychology, sociology, anthropology, epistemology, and pedagogy.

Contents

• Concept: (definition, facts, data)
• Procedural: (heuristics, discovery)
• Attitudinal: (values, norms, attitudes)

Competence

Competence is the equilibrium achieved by integrating capabilities, skills, and people skills.

Behaviorist Theory

Behaviorist theory emphasizes observation and measurement. Its application is given a stimulus and response elaboration. The child is seen as a machine. In the educational process, the curriculum is closed and compulsory for all.

Objectives

They... Continue reading "Effective Teaching Methods and Educational Theories" »

Spanish Essay in the Early Twentieth Century

Writers of the Century

The Spanish writers of the century appear immersed in a general crisis, which in Spain coincides with the decline of the political system of restoration, based on the chieftaincy and the alternation of parties. The authors proposed solutions to the problems of Spain related to the search for a national cultural identity in the service of a liberal project. These authors developed an extensive body of literature, in many cases published in the press, which presented their views. These writings will contribute to the modern test setup, in which critical thinking is attached to subjectivity, autobiographical elements. The most prominent essayists:

• Miguel de Unamuno: His essays operate

Key Concepts

• Culture: Information acquired through social learning.
• Human Culture: A set of socially acquired information, transmitted through language.
• Hominization: The process that enabled the human species to evolve from its earliest ancestors to Homo sapiens sapiens.
• Humanization: The process that leads full-bodied hominids with anthropomorphic or human form to become men.

Factors Influencing Human Evolution

• Discovery of fire
• Manufacture of tools
• Agriculture and livestock
• Social organization
• Trade
• War
• History

Labor and Technology

• Labor: A productive activity that is a conscious and intentional manipulation and modification of nature to obtain what is necessary to survive. (Everything we do in exchange for a salary.)

Features of Labor

• Uniquely Human: No

Spanish in the Digital Age

New Technologies and Institutions

Among the technological resources serving the Spanish language, the internet, online press, text processors, and grammar checkers stand out.

• Real Academia Española: With support from other academies, it has made resources available online, including Spelling, the Pan-Hispanic Dictionary of Doubts, and a comprehensive Spanish Grammar sensitive to language varieties. The United States has also participated in the language's dissemination on the continent.
• Universidad Antonio de Nebrija: Has conducted lexical studies on mobile telephony and the internet, creating resources like the Vocabulary of Mobile Telephony, Spanish-English/English-Spanish Dictionaries, and an online Spanish Language

Industrial Capitalism

The Industrial Revolution, originating in Britain, propelled the rise of capitalism and liberalism. This system subsequently spread throughout Europe, the USA, and Japan.

In the eighteenth century, Adam Smith defined economic liberalism. He posited that self-interest was the driving force of the economy, prices adjusted supply to demand, and the state should not interfere with free trade.

Under these principles, capitalism is based on a system where the means of production are privately owned.

When supply outpaces demand, businesses fail, stockpiles accumulate, and unemployment rises. This chain of events leads to economic crises.

Banks played a crucial role, providing loans and facilitating payments through checks and bills.... Continue reading "Industrial Capitalism and Its Impact on 19th-Century Society" »

Key Concepts in Child Welfare and Education

Intervention

Intervention refers to actions taken to prevent or correct unsatisfactory personal or collective circumstances. This includes ensuring the satisfaction of needs.

Educational Intervention

Educational intervention aims to help children acquire new skills, habits, and knowledge. These interventions contribute to the development of autonomy, personal knowledge, freedom, choice, and self-fulfillment. They foster intrinsic motivation.

Child Care Modality

This modality provides children with opportunities in various areas to promote learning and development. It focuses on meeting their needs and compensating for economic or cultural shortcomings and inequalities. It starts with the children's needs... Continue reading "Child Protection and Education: Key Concepts and Organizations" »

Worship Level

In-Plane Phonics

Complete and careful articulation, and moderate tone.

On the Morphosyntactic

Periods carefully crafted and comprehensive syntactic, and discourse is coherent.

On the Semantic Lexicon

Vocabulary ownership, use of neologisms and foreign words (with a limit!).

Scientific-Technical Language

Variety of cultural language, limited to different fields of knowledge (medicine, technology, etc.) comes from the lexicon: the usual language, Greek and Latin, and English. The language is denotative, rigorous, rational, and unambiguous.

Jargon

The special language of a particular social group, only used by its speakers as members of this social group, outside the general language speakers. There is slang for: soldiers, criminals (underworld)

Globalization is the process of progressive economic integration and increased interdependence, communication, and connectivity worldwide. The economies and companies of the world are in constant interaction.

Globalization Chronology

Second Globalization Wave: The most widely accepted chronology is from the 1970s and 1980s onwards.

A Timeline for the Globalization Process

The First Globalization Wave took place in the 19th century. At that time, the world underwent a phase characterized by an unprecedented mobility of labor, capital, and products. The process of building an international economy occurred in the course of the 19th century, but the specific chronology of the First Globalization Wave is, according to most authors, from 1850 to 1914.... Continue reading "Understanding Globalization: Waves, Factors, and Impact" »