Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

The political ideologies that defend the working class were profoundly inspired by socialist thought. These movements sought to address social inequalities and advocate for a more just society.

Socialist Thought

Socialism advocates that political rights and freedoms are insufficient without the existence of social equality. Proponents believe there can be no real democracy without effective equal opportunities.

• Its basic ideas include cooperation, collectivization, distribution of wealth, and, in some forms, the abolition of private property.
• Socialism aims to transform society and create a more just social order, achieving social equality, political rights, and a more equitable distribution of wealth.

The earliest forms of socialism, often referred... Continue reading "Socialism, Marxism, and Anarchism: Foundational Political Ideologies" »

19th Century Germany: Nationalism and Intellectual Ferment

The Germany in which Nietzsche lived, and his friend Wagner, was the result of nationalist sentiment that took shape during the nineteenth century in Europe, due to the expansion of liberal thought and propagated by the Napoleonic invasions. Each nation sought a constitution that established the division of powers and political pluralism. In Germany, supporters of union with Austria fought against those who preferred a Germany under the rule of Prussia. With the new project, an expansionist Germany appeared. It set up the North German Confederation, annexed Alsace, Lorraine, and the German states in the South, and the Second Reich was founded. In the second half of the nineteenth century,... Continue reading "19th Century German Philosophy: Nietzsche, Wagner & Historicism" »

Catalan Cultural Persistence and Identity

The persistence of Catalan identity (id. catalana) is characterized by:

• Use of Catalan texts written in everyday language, songs, etc.
• Maintenance of customs and traditions.
• A particularist consciousness within the Spanish monarchy.

The Renaixença (Cultural Revival)

This movement focused on promoting Catalan as a literary language (the "Cult").

• It began with Bonaventura Carles Aribau and Joaquim Rubió i Ors.
• It promoted the Floral Games (Jocs Florals).
• It aimed to recover archaic Catalan forms.
• It promoted the use of spoken Catalan in popular spheres (choral societies, newspapers, and popular theater).

Key Figures in Cultural Union Movements

Notable figures included Jacint Verdaguer and Àngel Guimerà.

Sources

The Fundamentals of the State

The State represents the political and administrative unity governing a specific territory, exercising supreme authority over all its inhabitants.

Essential Elements of a State

• Territory and Boundaries

  The territory is defined by boundaries that distinguish it from other states. This geographical area is where the State exercises its sovereignty.

• Population and Citizenship

  The population living within the territory consists of citizens. Citizens possess recognized rights that the State must respect, but they also have corresponding duties.

• State Power and Authority

  To regulate the territory and population, the State dictates a set of laws that must be obeyed. Furthermore, the State maintains institutions necessary for

Vocabulary: Global Concepts

Global

Occurring or given on the scale of the entire globe.

Postindustrial

A type of society based less on manufacturing output and more on the production of services and knowledge.

Informational

A kind of post-industrial society where activities are organized through modern means of information processing.

Modernization

The transformation of a traditional society into a modern, technologically developed one with a high level of material welfare.

Transnational Corporations

Companies that develop their productive activities in several countries and seek to sell their goods and services in the global market.

Liberalization

The reduction of government controls on economic activity, allowing it to move within a framework of free... Continue reading "Key Global Development Terms Explained" »

The Essay: Definition and Characteristics

The essay is a prose text of variable length, addressing diverse themes with a reflective character. It has several characteristics, such as the use of exposition and argumentation within textual modalities. The reflection is subjective, presenting the author's perspective to persuade the reader, often with a dialogical character. Its structure is open, organized with freedom, and may include heterogeneous fragments. It typically employs a standard language style, sometimes including colloquial voices and idioms, with few technical terms.

Fin de Siècle Spanish Writers (Generation of '98)

Following the crisis of social consciousness and values after 1898, authors sought a national cultural identity, focusing... Continue reading "Spanish Literature: Unamuno, Ortega y Gasset & Movements" »

Language and Languages

Language and languages can be synonymous in certain contexts but can also be distinguished by examining the words very precisely:

• Language: The ability to communicate through words.
• Language: Specific words used to communicate.

There are languages where there are signs or symbols. Their meaning must signify something: The words of a language are what is common to all languages. Human language is the ability to communicate. We all have the capacity for language, and all have the same capacity, but everything to do with a language we know is our own. Language is materialized by language.

• Language: Communication system; human power.
• Languages: Lesser, concrete materializations.

Human beings are fundamentally linguistic, endowed... Continue reading "Understanding Language: Characteristics, Linguistics, and Human Communication" »

The Commonwealth of Catalonia: Formation and Challenges

In Madrid, there were differing opinions regarding the Commonwealth of Catalonia. The Conservative party was opposed, and even within the ruling Liberal party, opinions were divided. Some saw it favorably, while others did not. President José Canalejas agreed to the Commonwealth and committed to the Catalan cause. Unfortunately, Canalejas was assassinated before he could pursue this agreement, and the project was stalled. It was not until the following year, 1913, that the Conservative government of Eduardo Dato finally allowed the Catalan Commonwealth. The Commonwealth was established in April 1914.

The Constitution of the Commonwealth

The first president of the Commonwealth was Enric Prat

The Evolution of Spanish Journalism (20th Century)

Journalism in Spain runs parallel to the nation's literary and political history. The 20th century can be divided into three distinct stages:

Stage 1: Birth of Mass Journalism (1900–1936)

This period saw the birth of mass journalism coexisting with older forms of political journalism. Initially, newspapers were highly partisan:

• Newspapers depended organically on the political parties that funded and staffed the newsrooms.
• Circulation was initially low.

The rise of mass journalism significantly increased the circulation of newspapers. The goal was to provide popular classes access to culture, political, and economic life through widespread journalistic dissemination.

Stage 2: Civil War and Francoist

Immanuel Kant's Historical Context (18th Century)

Kant lived for much of the eighteenth century, a period of relative calm following the previous era called the Wars of Religion and preceding a series of Revolutionary Wars (American and French). In this interwar period, the European intellectual elite perceived a common mentality produced by a shared belief in a set of values that has passed into history with the name of the artwork.

The Intellectual Climate: Revolution of Minds

This common mentality, rather than producing political change, sought to achieve a general revolution in minds, illustrating the rulers and educating people so that they could improve the law and realize the idea of progress. This notion of revolution of thought and education... Continue reading "Immanuel Kant's Historical Context: Enlightenment and Prussian Rule" »