Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Spain: A Democratic State

Spain is a parliamentary monarchy with a constitution and institutions that guarantee the rule of law.

Parliamentary System

In a parliamentary monarchy, the King or monarch serves as the head of state and is the greatest representative. Power resides in the people, who exercise it through their representatives in parliament. The Spanish Parliament, called the General Courts, is elected by the votes of citizens and is constructed through two chambers:

• The Senate: The upper chamber, which scrutinizes government action through interpellations and questions that any of its members may ask the government.
• The Congress of Deputies: The lower house, which elects the President of the Government through a vote and controls government

The Renaissance (15th-16th Centuries)

The Renaissance, spanning the 15th and 16th centuries, marked a retrieval of Greco-Latin culture and an abandonment of what was perceived as the preceding medieval culture. It was seen as a revival, ending an era considered 'barbaric' and ignorant, and beginning a time of refined culture and intellect. This transformation spread across Europe, spurred by major developments like the invention of the printing press (around 1448) and the European discovery of America (1492). This period also saw the beginnings of religious reformation and modern science. Thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, and Archimedes were rediscovered and studied anew.

Revival of Classical Thought

The recovery of classical texts had... Continue reading "Renaissance Thought: Philosophy, Science, and Politics" »

Election Expenses and Subsidies: Campaign Finance Regulations

Campaign Administrators and Appointments

General representatives of parties, federations, or coalitions contesting elections must register with the Electoral Board. They are responsible for designating a general manager and representatives for each candidacy with the appropriate Board. Any adult citizen in full possession of their civil and political rights may be appointed to these roles, except those facing a final judicial decision.

Campaign Fund Accounts and Transparency

Administrators are authorized to open accounts for fundraising from the date of their appointment in any bank or savings bank. The details of these accounts must be communicated within 24 hours to the relevant Electoral... Continue reading "Election Campaign Finance: Rules for Spending and Subsidies" »

Urban Planning and Land Management

A Technical Administrator is needed to carry out the plans, project implementation, and expropriation, requiring new administrative institutions with the power to change land ownership structures.

This arises partly because developer actions, whether public or private, generate profits on new farms. The intent is to balance the burdens and benefits of this action.

In short, public institutions regulate and ensure that the urbanization process results in housing with ideal conditions, now known as quality of life. The approach management techniques of the new administrative tools depend on the plan's intended use. Land may be expropriated as inherent, redistributed among owners, or equitably distributed among... Continue reading "Urban Planning: Expropriation, Land Management, and Quality of Life" »

Understanding the Text

A text consists of a sequence of words or phrases that convey a complete message; it is considered a communicative act. Its length has a precise limit, and within it, other smaller units are included, such as paragraphs and sentences. Each type of text has a specific organization. For example, a novel is divided into chapters, paragraphs, and sentences, while a poem is structured into stanzas and lines.

Key Properties of a Text

For a text to make complete sense, it must possess certain properties. The text has to adapt to the circumstances of the communicative situation in which it is produced.

Adequacy

Adequacy is the property of choosing the appropriate language for each situation, ensuring there is a correspondence between... Continue reading "Text Properties, Language Status, and Spanish Linguistics" »

The European Central Bank and Monetary Policy

Institutional Organization

• The European Central Bank (ECB) and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) were created on January 1, 1998, under the Treaty establishing the European Community and the Statute annexed to the Treaty.
• The ESCB comprises the ECB and the national central banks (NCBs) of all Member States of the European Union (EU).
• The NCBs of EU members that have not adopted the euro are part of the ESCB but do not participate in making monetary policy decisions regarding the euro area or in the execution of those decisions.
• For this reason, the term "Eurosystem" has been adopted to describe the mechanism by which the ECB and the NCBs of participating Member States play the roles of the

Dialectical Materialism

Materialism is the latest theory that matches directly across the entire universe. L.Q. reduces or is subject to step H. Feuerbach was thought to be a materialist, but his mistake was permanence. N1M. Materialism can be divided into two types:

• Mechanistic Materialism
• Dialectical Materialism

In dialectical materialism, nature develops, stating that it is reaching its historical level or height of man. Take care that S1 + people are not an echo, but man is one with his work, so his work is the same as the essence. No matter which subject, its dynamic mobility is producing, evolving, and developing all through dialectical movement. This movement is the thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. This is the same contribution as Hegel'... Continue reading "Dialectical and Historical Materialism: A Marxist View" »

Definition

MIE T7 is a framework for studying and improving social situations in education. Inquirers actively participate in the investigation to enhance their understanding and promote positive change.

Key Questions

Guiding questions include: What? Who? How? (with a preference for qualitative approaches, utilizing tools such as audio, video, and photography) and Why?

Kemmis and McTaggart (1988)

They define collaborative inquiry as systematic, evidence-based work. It goes beyond simple problem-solving to encompass improved understanding and transformation. This collaborative research involves stakeholders and prioritizes the perspectives of those directly involved.

Key Features of Collaborative Inquiry

Collaborative inquiry aims to improve education... Continue reading "MIE T7: Collaborative Inquiry in Education" »

17th and 18th Century Transformations

The 17th and 18th centuries witnessed significant changes in the religious field. A new religious crisis emerged, leading to divisions within Christianity and the rise of the Counter-Reformation in the late 16th century.

Artistic Movements: Baroque and Neoclassicism

General Characteristics of the Period's Art:

• Great technical development.
• A search for grandeur and complexity in works.
• Expression of movement and prevailing sentiments.
• Ornamentation as a key artistic style, departing from earlier Renaissance ideals.

The 18th Century: Rise of Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism became a prominent feature in the 18th century, contrasting with the Baroque style. It drew inspiration from the art of ancient Greece and Rome and... Continue reading "Historical Shifts: From Baroque Art to 20th Century Spain" »