Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Dialectical Materialism

Materialism is the latest theory that matches directly across the entire universe. L.Q. reduces or is subject to step H. Feuerbach was thought to be a materialist, but his mistake was permanence. N1M. Materialism can be divided into two types:

• Mechanistic Materialism
• Dialectical Materialism

In dialectical materialism, nature develops, stating that it is reaching its historical level or height of man. Take care that S1 + people are not an echo, but man is one with his work, so his work is the same as the essence. No matter which subject, its dynamic mobility is producing, evolving, and developing all through dialectical movement. This movement is the thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. This is the same contribution as Hegel'... Continue reading "Dialectical and Historical Materialism: A Marxist View" »

Definition

MIE T7 is a framework for studying and improving social situations in education. Inquirers actively participate in the investigation to enhance their understanding and promote positive change.

Key Questions

Guiding questions include: What? Who? How? (with a preference for qualitative approaches, utilizing tools such as audio, video, and photography) and Why?

Kemmis and McTaggart (1988)

They define collaborative inquiry as systematic, evidence-based work. It goes beyond simple problem-solving to encompass improved understanding and transformation. This collaborative research involves stakeholders and prioritizes the perspectives of those directly involved.

Key Features of Collaborative Inquiry

Collaborative inquiry aims to improve education... Continue reading "MIE T7: Collaborative Inquiry in Education" »

17th and 18th Century Transformations

The 17th and 18th centuries witnessed significant changes in the religious field. A new religious crisis emerged, leading to divisions within Christianity and the rise of the Counter-Reformation in the late 16th century.

Artistic Movements: Baroque and Neoclassicism

General Characteristics of the Period's Art:

• Great technical development.
• A search for grandeur and complexity in works.
• Expression of movement and prevailing sentiments.
• Ornamentation as a key artistic style, departing from earlier Renaissance ideals.

The 18th Century: Rise of Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism became a prominent feature in the 18th century, contrasting with the Baroque style. It drew inspiration from the art of ancient Greece and Rome and... Continue reading "Historical Shifts: From Baroque Art to 20th Century Spain" »

Social and Political Movements in 19th Century Europe

Key Concepts

• Class Society: A form of social organization in Europe after the Industrial Revolution and the bourgeois revolutions, characterized by social groups or classes differentiated by wealth.
• Bourgeoisie: The social class that owns the means of production and controls political, economic, and social life in 19th-century Europe.
• Proletariat: The working class within the capitalist system, possessing only their labor and facing challenging living and working conditions.
• Protectionism: Economic practices advocating tariffs on foreign products to protect domestic industries.
• Free Trade: Economic theory advocating for no state intervention in international trade.
• Chartist Movements: A political

Understanding Theta Roles in Linguistics

Theta roles, also known as semantic roles, describe the role a word or phrase plays in relation to the verb in a sentence. Here's a breakdown of common theta roles:

1. Agent

   The agent is the active instigator or causer of an action. Agents are typically animate (animals or people) and possess volition and cognitive ability.

   Examples:

   • Mary killed Peter.
   • Peter was killed by Mary.

2. Patient

   The patient is the entity undergoing a process or physically affected by an action. It's the affected party of an action instigated by an agent or simply the undergoer of a process.

   Examples:

   • Peter melted the ice. / The ice was melted by Peter.
   • The ice melted.

3. Theme

   The theme is something or someone that is located in a place or that

Astronomy and cosmology are fields of science and knowledge that study the cosmos and the universe. Cosmology, in particular, is part of theoretical physics and investigates the origin, nature, and evolution of the universe.

Prehistoric Sky Observation

Cosmology was observed for the first time in prehistory, reflecting humanity's early interest in observing the sky during prehistoric epochs.

The development of calendars, linked to tracking animal migrations and agricultural cycles, provides evidence of systematic attempts to determine the position and movements of the Sun and the Moon.

Stonehenge demonstrates the study of the universe in order to try to determine with maximum precision the position of the Sun during the summer and winter solstices.... Continue reading "History of Astronomy and Early Cosmology" »

19th Century: Southern Basque Writers and Cultural Revival

Introduction: A Century of Transformation

Unlike the North, the Basque Country in the nineteenth century experienced significant upheaval. The final Carlist Wars were a major factor, leading to the abolition of the fueros (charters). These incidents had profound political and social consequences, yet they also spurred a movement to promote the recovery of the Basque language and culture within the century's intellectual arena. The Industrial Revolution, driven by a new economic framework, also fostered a national market. Modern influences reached Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa, primarily through factories and new media, gradually spreading among the population and leading to the formation of workers'... Continue reading "19th Century Basque Literary Revival: Southern Writers & Cultural Heritage" »

Understanding Society: Individuals, Groups, and Sociology

The Individual

• The individual is the smallest unit that makes up society, serving as the primary subject of sociological study. They are considered the irreducible social mass.

Society

• A society is a human group characterized by a degree of unity and independence from others. It often occupies a stable space, possesses continuity over time that exceeds its members' lifespans, and shares a common culture that provides cohesion.

Sociology

• Sociology is the science dedicated to studying both society and the individuals who compose it. It aims to critically analyze and understand societal structures and dynamics.

Agents of Socialization and Their Societal Impact

Key Socializing Agents

• The Family:

Hume: Historical Context

England after the Revolution of 1688:

• Bourgeois revolution, parliamentary monarchy, supremacy of Parliament.
• Individual rights and religious freedoms.
• Political and economic freedom: abolition of monopolies.
• England becomes the leading economic power, industrial and capitalist.

Pre-revolutionary France:

• Enlightened despotism: everything for the people but without the people.
• Increasing influence of figured secularization, deism, atheism.

Rousseau: Historical Context

Pre-revolutionary France:

• Enlightened despotism: the monarch has absolute power he receives from God. The king is the sovereign (who has all authority).
• Influence of Enlightenment ideas in the monarchies of the continent to girders of the nobility and high bourgeoisie.

Globalization Process

The unification of the world drives the circulation of material and immaterial goods, leading to the re-globalization of economic, social, political, and cultural aspects. This globalization has unique characteristics that differentiate it from other stages of capitalism:

1. State reform and deregulation of economic and financial activities.
2. Productive restructuring and the emergence of new forms of labor organization.
3. Processes of regionalization and integration, leading to the formation of large economic blocs.

Fordism

Fordism is a specific way of organizing the production process that characterized the capitalist system from the 1930s. Using an assembly line, as pioneered by Ford Motors in the early 20th century, it represents... Continue reading "Globalization and Economic Transformation" »