Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

The Human Basis of the State: Population, People, and Nation

B) People.

It is the human basis of the state. A first concept may be: the set of individuals who are under state jurisdiction. However, it should distinguish between three concepts: population, people, and nation.

a) Population

When using this term, it is usually done with a mathematical or statistical sense. Population means here the sum of all the individuals who compose the nation. Numeric data is useful to quantify, measure, and classify the human component of the state. From this point of view, it relates to other concepts that also have a political impact, including: census, population of fact and law, birth rate, mortality, etc.

b) People

However, the concept of "people" goes beyond... Continue reading "Understanding the Human Element of the State: Population, People, and Nation" »

Education in Venezuela

Purpose of Education

According to the Organic Education Law, Article No. 3, the fundamental purpose of education is the full development of the individual and the achievement of a healthy, educated, critical individual capable of living in a democratic, fair, and free society.

Education in Venezuela must foster citizen awareness, emphasizing the conservation of Venezuelan sovereignty.

Challenges in Venezuelan Education

While education in Venezuela is effective, it faces challenges in achieving the desired level of citizen awareness.

The Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela outlines requirements for citizens, including:

• Reshaping the Republic to establish a democratic, participatory, and protagonist society.
• Consolidating

Marx's Critique of Feuerbach and Hegelian Idealism

Marx's critique of Feuerbach challenged the Hegelian idealistic philosophy in their interpretation of dialectics, replacing the *spirit* with *matter*.

Religious Alienation According to Feuerbach

Feuerbach understood that the starting point for a philosophical explanation of reality in its development is not the Spirit, but Nature. He posited that human beings have created God in their own image and likeness. This God, created by humans, becomes objectified. Feuerbach termed this process "religious alienation," giving it a negative connotation.

Marx was more radical than Feuerbach, seeing Feuerbach's materialism as still abstract for maintaining religious sentiment.

Socioeconomic Alienation in Capitalist

The Outstanding Features of the Bolognese Method

Faithfulness to Justinian Texts

A common idea among commentators was that Justinian texts held an almost sacred origin. Legal work involved careful and humble interpretation by lawyers, aimed at clarifying the meaning of the words and making sense of them.

Analytical and Not Systematic Approach

Lawyers conducted independent analyses of each legal text through "readings" (such as interlinear or marginal glosses or more complete reviews).

The Gloss

The "gloss" (a brief explanation of a Corpus Juris Civilis paragraph) was the basic model of this school. It cultivated diverse literary types: interpretive glosses, briefs summarizing a title, formulations of doctrinal rules, discussions of controversial... Continue reading "Method Bolognese: Key Features and Influence" »

The Stabilization Plan and Economic Reorientation

Following integration into international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Spain faced the need for economic reorientation. A Decree-Law enacted a new economic order known as the Stabilization Plan. This plan had two primary objectives: balanced economic development and the integration of the Spanish economy into the Western world. It emphasized demand management, price stabilization, and the liberalization of foreign trade and foreign capital imports.

The Stabilization Plan set the stage for the growth of the Spanish economy in the 1960s. Its effects were positive, including reduced domestic demand and inflation, price stability, and restructuring of the external sector.... Continue reading "Spain's Economic and Social Transformation in the 1960s" »

Understanding State, Power, and Authority

State: A group of people within a unified territory, sharing a single market, and organized under a legal framework to ensure social peace and order under a single government.

Power: The ability to impose one's will on others.

Authority: Leadership held by an individual with power.

The Leviathan and the Social Contract

The social contract serves as the foundation of political legitimacy, validating a social order where some rule and others obey. Equal and free individuals, acting rationally, enter into a contract, establishing a government as humanity transitions into society.

Rousseau's Perspective

Rousseau believed that the state of war exists within civil society, leading to inequality, domination, and... Continue reading "Understanding State, Power, and Authority: Key Concepts" »

Item 1: Legal Framework Evolution

Since 1978, the European Community (EC) initiated a dynamic transformation of the legal framework for Social Services (SS) in Spain. The Statute of Autonomy granted significant references to SS across all Autonomous Communities (CCAA). The 1985 Law on the Basis of Local Government (for populations over 20,000) further solidified this framework. Regional Acts addressing specific needs were also approved, alongside sector-specific laws such as the Penitentiary Law, Asylum and Refugee Law, Work-Family Reconciliation Law, Rights and Freedoms of Foreigners Law, Gender Violence Law, and regional Social Wage or Minimum Insertion Income Laws. This extensive legal framework has led to intense policy development at both... Continue reading "Social Services Evolution in Spain Since 1978" »

Decolonization After 1945

The decolonization process unfolded rapidly after 1945, concluding for most territories by 1962. It began in Asia with the independence of British India in 1947 and culminated in Africa with the expulsion of the French in 1962. Two distinct waves can be identified:

• First wave: Occurred at the end of World War II, primarily affecting Asia and ending with the formation of Israel in 1948.
• Second wave: A swift wave of decolonization from the mid-1950s to the 1960s, impacting Africa, particularly North Africa, followed by the independence of Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1960s.

Several factors contributed to this process:

• The weakened state of traditional colonial powers like France and England, who lacked the capacity to maintain

Political Philosophy

Political philosophy's primary objective must be rational. The state must be devoted to studying political phenomena as they are. Its purpose is to establish how they should be to become righteous.

Domain

Domain is the capacity that an individual or group of individuals can have to impose their will on others.

Political Power

Political power is when some individuals or groups of individuals, intending to organize tasks, perform the task of directing the actions of members of the group or society. They make decisions that affect the entire community and even exercise some control over others, thereby forcing all members of the community to follow their guidelines and instructions.

State

State is a socio-political organization whose... Continue reading "Key Concepts in Political Philosophy and Governance" »

Company Policies and Their Purpose

In clearer terms, considering their purpose, we can distinguish two kinds of companies:

1. Private Companies: These have defined purposes, voluntarily chosen by their members. Their activities are aimed directly and immediately at the goal that inspired their creation through a conscious and voluntary act.
2. General-Purpose Companies: These have an indefinite and generic purpose, creating the conditions necessary for individuals and other companies that integrate into them to reach their particular purposes. Participation in these societies almost always depends on an act of will.

Companies are commonly referred to as general-purpose political societies precisely because they are not attached to a particular purpose... Continue reading "Understanding Company Policies and the Origin of the State" »