Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Theme 6: Social Policy and Employment

1. Introduction

2. Economy and Employment in Spain

Economy in the 1970s

2.1 Economy and Employment in Spain in the decade of the 70

Current Economy and Employment

2.2 Economy and Employment in Spain are now

Lisbon Treaty Impact

3. Social Policy and Employment in the Lisbon Treaty

Plan E: Economic Stimulation

4. Plan for the Stimulation of the Economy and Jobs (Plan E)

Public Employment Services

5. The Public Employment Services: The National Theme Sis of Employment

National System

5.1 The Public Employment System

Regional Services

5.2 The Public Employment Services of the CCAA

2009 Employment Measures

6. Act March 6, 2009 on Urgent Measures for the Maintenance and Employment Promotion and Protection of the Unemployed (Plan... Continue reading "Spanish Social Policy and Employment: Economy to Education" »

Heliocentric Theory

The heliocentric theory, illustrated in Andreas Cellarius's Harmonia Macrocosmica (1708), posits that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun. This concept, known as a heliocentric universe, gained prominence in the modern era through the work of Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei.

Galileo, using simple distance measurements between the Earth and the Sun, recognized the Sun's significantly larger size compared to Earth. This observation echoed earlier suggestions by Aristarchus, who proposed that the Earth revolved around the Sun, challenging the prevailing geocentric theory of Ptolemy and Hipparchus. The geocentric model, deeply rooted in an anthropocentric worldview, held sway for centuries.

Over a millennium later,... Continue reading "Heliocentric Theory: Revolutionizing Our Understanding of the Universe" »

The Government and Administration in Germany

The political system established in 1949 aimed to create a strong head of government, moving away from the executive bicameralism of the Weimar Republic and monarchical political structures. This resulted in a system where the Chancellor holds a prominent position, with a relationship of trust between the Government and Parliament being a key feature of the German political system.

The Government comprises the Federal Chancellor and Federal Ministers. Parliamentary Secretaries of State, similar to the British cabinet, also support the ministries.

According to the Basic Law, the Bundestag elects the Chancellor without prior discussion, voting for the individual rather than a government program. The Chancellor... Continue reading "German Government and Administration: An Overview" »

1. Moral Conscience

Moral conscience refers to the human ability to discern and evaluate the rightness or wrongness of actions, both one's own and those of others. It guides individuals toward what they believe to be the correct course of action. Expressions like "My conscience is clear" highlight the significance attributed to this guiding capacity in our lives.

2. Freedom and Determinism

2.1 Definition and Types of Freedom

Freedom is the capacity to make independent choices about matters that affect us. There are various types of freedom:

• Physical Freedom: The ability to move freely. This is restricted for someone who is imprisoned.
• Political Freedom: The power of self-governance within political systems. In ancient Greece, slaves lacked political

Spain: A Democratic State

Spain is a parliamentary monarchy with a constitution and institutions that guarantee the rule of law.

Parliamentary System

In a parliamentary monarchy, the King or monarch serves as the head of state and is the greatest representative. Power resides in the people, who exercise it through their representatives in parliament. The Spanish Parliament, called the General Courts, is elected by the votes of citizens and is constructed through two chambers:

• The Senate: The upper chamber, which scrutinizes government action through interpellations and questions that any of its members may ask the government.
• The Congress of Deputies: The lower house, which elects the President of the Government through a vote and controls government

The Renaissance (15th-16th Centuries)

The Renaissance, spanning the 15th and 16th centuries, marked a retrieval of Greco-Latin culture and an abandonment of what was perceived as the preceding medieval culture. It was seen as a revival, ending an era considered 'barbaric' and ignorant, and beginning a time of refined culture and intellect. This transformation spread across Europe, spurred by major developments like the invention of the printing press (around 1448) and the European discovery of America (1492). This period also saw the beginnings of religious reformation and modern science. Thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, and Archimedes were rediscovered and studied anew.

Revival of Classical Thought

The recovery of classical texts had... Continue reading "Renaissance Thought: Philosophy, Science, and Politics" »

Election Expenses and Subsidies: Campaign Finance Regulations

Campaign Administrators and Appointments

General representatives of parties, federations, or coalitions contesting elections must register with the Electoral Board. They are responsible for designating a general manager and representatives for each candidacy with the appropriate Board. Any adult citizen in full possession of their civil and political rights may be appointed to these roles, except those facing a final judicial decision.

Campaign Fund Accounts and Transparency

Administrators are authorized to open accounts for fundraising from the date of their appointment in any bank or savings bank. The details of these accounts must be communicated within 24 hours to the relevant Electoral... Continue reading "Election Campaign Finance: Rules for Spending and Subsidies" »

Urban Planning and Land Management

A Technical Administrator is needed to carry out the plans, project implementation, and expropriation, requiring new administrative institutions with the power to change land ownership structures.

This arises partly because developer actions, whether public or private, generate profits on new farms. The intent is to balance the burdens and benefits of this action.

In short, public institutions regulate and ensure that the urbanization process results in housing with ideal conditions, now known as quality of life. The approach management techniques of the new administrative tools depend on the plan's intended use. Land may be expropriated as inherent, redistributed among owners, or equitably distributed among... Continue reading "Urban Planning: Expropriation, Land Management, and Quality of Life" »

The European Central Bank and Monetary Policy

Institutional Organization

• The European Central Bank (ECB) and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) were created on January 1, 1998, under the Treaty establishing the European Community and the Statute annexed to the Treaty.
• The ESCB comprises the ECB and the national central banks (NCBs) of all Member States of the European Union (EU).
• The NCBs of EU members that have not adopted the euro are part of the ESCB but do not participate in making monetary policy decisions regarding the euro area or in the execution of those decisions.
• For this reason, the term "Eurosystem" has been adopted to describe the mechanism by which the ECB and the NCBs of participating Member States play the roles of the