Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

The Family of Charles IV by Francisco Goya: Neoclassical Portrait Analysis

The family of Charles IV is the title that the author, Francisco Goya Lucientes, gave to this portrait. The chronology is 1800-1801. The Spanish school and his style is neoclassical.

The subject of this portrait is a commission by Charles IV, portraying his family without flattery. Goya appears behind, immersed in the shadows, and as an independent observer, alluding to Las Meninas by Velázquez.

The description of this portrait notes that the support elements are the fabric and the technique used is oil.

Formal and compositional elements:

• Form: Closed and shallow shaped frieze.
• Composition: Neoclassical roots arranged in a frieze with a certain ambiguity for both the centrality

Globalization fosters a world where societies are increasingly interconnected, leading to greater interdependence between countries. Effectively managing this interdependence is crucial for future progress, enabling advancements economically, politically, and culturally. Economically, this means increased trade and investment. Politically, it involves creating global agreements, such as those addressing international crises. Culturally, globalization facilitates intellectual growth, the adoption of new ideologies, and a deeper respect for diverse cultures.

Multinational corporations, operating across multiple countries, can pose challenges by potentially displacing smaller local businesses. Thus, multinationals represent both opportunities and... Continue reading "Globalization's Impact on Global Interdependence and Conflict" »

Legal Authority in Bureaucracy

Legal authority, representing the maximum charge in a company that follows a bureaucratic model, is responsible for overseeing lower levels and establishing the roles, responsibilities, and authority for the entire organizational structure. This authority is depersonalized and operates strictly in accordance with the organization's rules and regulations. It has the power to assign roles and other functions within the company, providing a definite structure. All organizational decisions must ultimately pass through this ultimate authority.

In case of the suspension of statutory authority, there is a disconnection within the organizational structure and the body of rules, laws, etc. In such a scenario, each position... Continue reading "Bureaucratic Authority and Its Limits" »

Facing the Interpretation of Action (Business Diagnosis)

In this process of immersion, the community worker should become a benchmark in terms of knowing the neighborhood. A walking encyclopedia full of accurate and relevant information on individuals, organizations, and neighborhood characteristics.

The professionalism that is expected of him makes building a good knowledge necessary to advance their cause in the face of resource allocation, budgeting, or future grants, to justify certain aspects of the intervention, to disseminate information among neighbors and extend awareness of issues, to argue better, etc. For this reason, the approach to the neighborhood can be translated into different product types or reports with wide utility.

The last... Continue reading "Community Intervention: Understanding Social Spaces" »

Higher education institutions must be flexible and develop ways of integrating information technology and communication into the training process. Alongside this is a need for a new conception of the student-users, role changes in the teachers, and administrative changes in relation to communication systems and the design and distribution of teaching. This implies, in turn, changes in the canons of teaching and learning towards something more flexible. To understand these processes of change, their effects, and the potential for systems of teaching and learning, we must view changes and technological advances in the context of innovation processes.

Keywords: Flexible education, computer mediated communication, virtual environment, higher education,... Continue reading "IT Integration in Higher Education Institutions" »

Social Policy for Immigrant Quality of Life

The integration and improved quality of life for immigrants are fostered through family reunification, access to employment, and equal rights. The EU has developed programs for integration into the labor market:

• Integra: A program focused on integration.
• Equal: Combats all forms of discrimination and inequality in the workplace, including those based on racial, ethnic, or religious grounds.
• Erasmus Mundus: A program for cooperation with third countries.

Development Cooperation & Migration Origin Regions

European Cooperation Initiatives

Europe has seen an increased immigrant population from these countries. Through the CARDS program, assistance is provided for reconstruction, development, and standardization... Continue reading "EU Initiatives for Immigrant Integration and Global Cooperation" »

Understanding School Governance: Board, Faculty, and Leadership

The School Board: Community Participation

The School Board facilitates the participation of various groups within the educational community. It embodies representative democracy, political autonomy, and the collective voice of the school community. Its key objectives include:

• Approving and evaluating school projects and initiatives.
• Approving the annual general programming of the center.
• Reviewing candidates participating in selection processes.
• Deciding on the admission of students.
• Reviewing the resolution of disciplinary conflicts.
• Proposing measures and initiatives that promote coexistence within the school environment.
• Promoting the conservation and renovation of school facilities

Understanding Cultural Spheres

Cultural Spheres: In principle, these can be understood as relatively closed entities. However, they are quite complex, self-sufficient, and may receive influences from other areas that constitute the whole distribution of culture. Everyone understands their culture, especially its identity, which is used by many people of every class. People want to preserve their cultural identity and regard it as a supreme and sacred value. However, in this way, cultural spheres are only ideological constructs, simply myths. If cultural spheres are not substantive entities, then monism, relativism, and pluralism evaporate. Phenomenal entities, defined by groups or nations, are either isolated from other areas or mixed. They... Continue reading "Understanding Cultural Spheres: Monism, Relativism, Pluralism" »

Key Principles of Democracy

• Mandate Periods: This refers to the limited period of time officials are allowed to be in power. This prevents abuse of power and provides opportunities for other political parties and their candidates.
• Popular Sovereignty: Sovereignty is entrusted to a government that has popular support. This government is attributed powers to establish laws and enforce them.
• Legality: Elected officials are subject to the same laws as other citizens, ensuring equality between them.
• Control: The three branches of government have limited and specific actions and monitor each other.
• Purpose: To respect the principle of freedom and equality. All people are free and equal before the law, and all have the same rights as citizens. This principle

A New Social Order

Establishing a new social order should be achieved through a revolutionary process. The mode of production would culminate with the class struggle, and all classes would be eliminated. In this way, the emancipation of workers will occur, overcoming past social situations. Economic and material factors determine social and political intervention. Marx gave much importance to the economic issue.

Alienation in Capitalist Society

Feudalism and the Industrial Revolution

Marx analyzes the evolution of work in different societies and states how it changed throughout history as a function of the mode of production of each era. The medieval economy was based on feudalism, which superseded slave societies. The key was the property of farmers,... Continue reading "Marxist Analysis: Class Struggle & Alienation" »