Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Social sciences

1.1 Geopolitical Orders

The global political system is the result of a series of historical processes that have shaped geopolitical orders worldwide. In each of these orders, the distribution of power and influence among major powers is crucial, as these powers impose their ideas and concepts on other countries.

World War I and Its Aftermath

The First World War, lasting from 1914 to 1918, significantly impacted the global landscape. The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, officially ended the war and transformed the political map of Europe. The interwar period was marked by the economic crisis of 1929, which led to a decline in international trade. In 1939, another global conflict began, with even greater destructive capacity due to new weapons,... Continue reading "Geopolitical Orders and Global Power Dynamics" »

Semantic Relationships

Semantic relationships are relationships that develop between the words, given the signifier and signified.

Synonymy

Synonymy occurs if two or more signifiers correspond to the same meaning.

• Total synonymy: Occurs when two or more words are interchangeable in all contexts.
• Partial synonymy: When two or more terms have the same meaning, but there are nuances among them.

Antonymy

Antonymy is the oppositional relationship of meaning between two or more terms. There are three types:

• Gradual words: There is a word in between (e.g., expensive-cheap, affordable exists).
• Complementary words: The meaning of one term excludes the meaning of another (e.g., approved-failed).
• Reciprocal words: The meaning of one term implies the existence of

Development of Social and Labor Policies

Introduction: This document analyzes the political and institutional issues affecting the development of social and labor policies (SLP). The development of SLP follows the same process as any other economic policy. In this process, the State, as a political decision-maker (policy-maker), must continually set priorities and choose between different, often conflicting, alternatives. Throughout the process of economic and social action, many actors are concerned with or affected by these policies. This process may vary with the ideology or the type of government. However, whatever the form of government and decision-making mechanism, policy-making always has a few stages and some key actors.

Overview of

**T8 Group: Defining Characteristics**

Identity, interdependence, interaction (structure), and common objectives.

**Other Characteristics**

• Climate
• Cohesion
• Communication
• Standards
• Values

**Structure**

Set in roles, status (derived from specific features and diffuse), and communication networks (set of rules that establish whether and how the exchange of information occurs).

**Working Groups and Group Performance**

**Factors Influencing Group Performance**

**Type of Task (Steiner)**

**Criteria**

• Divisible or unitary
• Optimizing or maximizing individual and group contributions

**Types**

• Additive: Sum of individual contributions
• Compensatory: Average of individual contributions
• Disjunctive: Product of each individual's contribution
• Joint Discretionary: The group

Historical Context of the 17th Century

Following the Renaissance (15th and 16th centuries), the 17th century witnessed the emergence of the modern world across all levels of society. This period was marked by significant transformations in several key areas:

Economic Developments

There was substantial growth in trade and manufacturing. Early productive capital began to shift, gradually transforming feudal serfs into wage laborers, moving away from the guild system.

Political Landscape

Absolutist states, the first form of the modern state, dominated Europe, displacing feudal fiefs. Nobles were subjected to the absolute monarch (the sovereign), who, in turn, depended on lenders to finance the considerable costs of the centralized state. This included... Continue reading "17th-Century Transformation: Society, Science, Ideology" »

Key Historical Terms

Definitions: T7

• Music Economics: The Carlists pay a certain amount that would be collected by the provincial councils.
• Zanjón Peace: Spain promised Cuba a broad amnesty, the abolition of slavery, and political and administrative reforms.
• Electoral Fraud: Cheating coalitions, manipulations, and falsifications of the electoral census records.
• Peace of Paris: Spain ceded Cuba, and Jalal sold in Germany to the U.S. and the Pacific Marianas and the Carolines.
• Closure Cases: Boycott of the taxes imposed by Villaverde.

T8

• Federal Tortosa Pact: The federal Crown of Aragon wanted a federal state.
• Greuges Memorial: Unit of Catalan political manifesto.

T9

• Liga Agraria: Cerealistics Owners Association to act as a pressure group to achieve a

Newspapers: A Key Source of Information

A newspaper is a form of print media that informs the public about current events.

Features of a Newspaper

Newspapers are typically divided into sections. These sections include sports, entertainment, economy, opinion, and general information. The most important events are usually placed on the front page.

Newspaper Organization

Newspapers are generally organized with the front and back pages followed by national and international news.

Articles: Grammatical Components

An article is a type of word that precedes a noun, indicating whether it is specific or non-specific. Articles also denote the gender and number of the noun.

Article Classification

• Definite Articles: Used when the noun is known or specific.
• Neutral

Chapter IX: Environmental Rights

Article 124: Protecting Intellectual Property and Collective Knowledge

Article 124 guarantees and protects intellectual property and collective knowledge.

Article 125: Indigenous Peoples' Right to Political Participation

Article 125 states that Indigenous peoples have the right to political participation.

Article 126: Indigenous Peoples as Part of the Nation

Article 126 affirms that Indigenous peoples, as cultures with ancestral roots, are part of the Nation.

Article 127: Environmental Protection as a Right and Duty

Article 127 establishes that it is a right and duty of each generation to protect and maintain the environment for its own benefit.

Article 128: State's Role in Environmental Planning

Article 128 mandates... Continue reading "Venezuela's Constitution: Indigenous Rights, Environment & Armed Forces" »

Key International Organizations and Treaties

World Health Organization (WHO)

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency linked to the UN, established in 1948. It is responsible for managing policies of prevention, coordination, promotion, and health intervention worldwide to achieve the highest possible levels of health for all peoples.

United Nations (UN)

The United Nations (UN) is an international institution created in 1945 to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and encourage respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a political and military supranational... Continue reading "Key International Organizations and Treaties: Definitions" »

Critical Appraisal - The Tree of Knowledge

The Tree of Knowledge belongs to the first stage of Pio Baroja's literary career and thus has some autobiographical elements. It also clearly reflects the sensibility that the authors of the Generation of 98 had with respect to the life and society of the time. Thus, it is arguably one of the most representative novels of Baroja's work and, simultaneously, one of the most typical novels of the Generation of '98.

Autobiographical Nature and Character Development

The autobiographical nature is one of its characteristics, truly becoming a novel of character, focusing on Andres Hurtado. It focuses on the protagonist's life from its beginning to its tragic end, primarily focusing on the psychological development... Continue reading "Critical Appraisal of The Tree of Knowledge by Pio Baroja" »