Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Didactics

Didactics is the layering of teaching that guides students through the knowledge possessed by the teacher. So that art students have more learning, professional resources are used. It is based on psychology, sociology, anthropology, epistemology, and pedagogy.

Contents

• Concept: (definition, facts, data)
• Procedural: (heuristics, discovery)
• Attitudinal: (values, norms, attitudes)

Competence

Competence is the equilibrium achieved by integrating capabilities, skills, and people skills.

Behaviorist Theory

Behaviorist theory emphasizes observation and measurement. Its application is given a stimulus and response elaboration. The child is seen as a machine. In the educational process, the curriculum is closed and compulsory for all.

Objectives

They...

Analysis of Pronunciation Teaching and Remedial Proposals

Pronunciation and spelling are fundamental to verbal communication. Sounds and letters form the surface of oral and written language. Often, pronunciation receives little attention. Few people notice the pronunciation mistakes of politicians, TV contestants, neighbors, or even ourselves, though these may be more serious than misspellings.

In schools, pronunciation is often treated as a minor issue, except in second language instruction. Students are assumed to have mastered sounds by the time they reach middle school, learning through natural language acquisition. Consequently, few pronunciation practices are linked to literacy. Pronunciation is typically addressed only in the early grades....

Globalization: A Critical Introduction

Few social scientific concepts are currently in vogue like globalization. The term itself appeared in the 1980s in major North American schools of thought and management, yet its essential content, boundaries, and core profiles remain unclear.

The concept is heavily used in ideological and political struggles due to its ambiguity. It functions either as a mechanism *abetting the goals of the neoliberal right* or as a complex part of *left-wing groups and movements* who blame it for the ills afflicting the world. Globalization acts as an instrument for ideological diffusion and implementation, enforcing the so-called *Single Thought*.

The Primacy of the Economy and Neoliberal Dogma

The core dogma of neoliberal...

**ICT (Information and Communication Technologies)**

Failed States

Failed states are states that have failed to settle and live in a climate of civil war and continuing insecurity.

Clash of Civilizations

In the twenty-first century, world conflicts are not developed between nation-states, as in the preceding two centuries, but between large areas that share a similar cultural tradition.

Ethnic Cleansing

Ethnic cleansing is when inhabitants considered undesirable due to their religion or language were expelled from the regions under dispute, in order to achieve greater homogeneity of the population, rather than building multiethnic states to guarantee the rights of all citizens.

Velvet Revolution

The transition from Communist regimes to others, whether...

Linguistic Concepts

Vocabulary

B: finish, arrive, mist, bain, Baron, bandage, wart, beam, bald, perky, mobile, sap, download, pop, roll around, find work, debanar Basque, Vizcaya.

A: ring, tram, triumvir, seized, fir, grandfather anymore, abortion, change, rattlesnake, horse riding, coward, envestir, slender, fend, burning, lip, broad bean, outdoors, sports, test, rappel, radishes, sage, wine, Travis clover, buckle, Cordoba, La Habana, Stephen.

E: apricot, amethyst, assembly, Cinnamon, disguise, Carpenter, efeminat, asparagus, marigold, monastery, rock, Sergeant, hustle, Empúries on shaving ambassador, boot, murderer, evaluate, fault, bathrobes, down, front, birth, Pescadero, cattle, bitter brush.

Spelling Rules

• Beginning word S, V + C, + V, end.

Fundamentals of Management

The core functions of management include:

1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Coordinating
4. Directing (Running)
5. Controlling

Efficiency vs. Effectiveness

Efficiency: Achieving results with the wise use of resources (doing things right).

Effectiveness: Achieving defined objectives, regardless of the rational use of resources (doing the right things).

Henri Fayol's 14 Principles of Administration

1. Division of Work: Work must be shared and specialized.
2. Authority and Responsibility: Authority is the power to be obeyed and delegated. Responsible risk-taking is the exercise which implies authority.
3. Discipline: Respect for the rules or standards. This requires both rigidity and flexibility.
4. Unity of Command: Each employee should receive orders from only

José Ortega y Gasset: Influences and Context

Influences

Received Influences

1. Early Objectivism (until 1914): Ortega y Gasset's early philosophy was influenced by German neo-Kantianism, particularly the work of Hermann Cohen and Paul Natorp. He embraced the importance of reason and its connection to objective, universal, and scientific thought.
2. Perspectivism (1914-1923): In this phase, Ortega y Gasset sought to move beyond the limitations of modernity. He aimed to transcend rationalism and idealism without reverting to earlier philosophical forms like relativism and realism.
3. Wilhelm Dilthey: Ortega y Gasset was influenced by Dilthey's emphasis on history for understanding human reality (historical reason) and the importance of "understanding" as

The Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic

After the exile of Alfonso XIII on April 14, 1931, the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed. A provisional government composed of Republicans, socialists, and nationalists called for elections to the Constituent Cortes, which gave a majority to the left-wing parties. These parties imposed their ideology on the new constitution.

The 1931 Constitution and Early Governance

The 1931 Constitution established a comprehensive bill of rights, popular sovereignty, the division of powers, and universal suffrage for both men and women. It also guaranteed autonomy for the regions and the separation between church and state. Upon approval, Niceto Alcalá-Zamora was elected President of the Republic. The evolution...

OPPOSITION TO THE SCHEME AND THE AGONY OF Franco.
1.The new "political families" and institutional reforms:
0 During the 60s there was no political opening, despite the changes and improvements in the economic situation The scheme aims to improve its image and show a spirit of openness.
0 In 1962 after asking Spain to join the EEC, a liberal group on the right met in Munich - Munich Conspiracy - and asked not to be admitted to Spain until he had freedoms, prompting a huge scandal. That year the new government came into youth ministers: Fraga, Lopez shot and Lopez Bravo, the latter ofOPUS. This government introduced small changes to the scheme: I Development Plan (1964-69), Act on Social Security Databases, 1963, Law Press, 1966 (Fraga), and...

Ancient Education: A Comparative Study

Greek Educational Models

Athens

During the Homeric period, physical prowess was highly valued. The Golden Age shifted the focus to cultivating good citizens. Sophists emerged, emphasizing rhetoric and mayeutics. Mayeutics, a method of systematic questioning, aimed to guide individuals towards truth and understanding.

• Assumption: The questioner assumes the person being questioned does not know.
• Process: Systematic questioning leads to definition and conclusion.

Women's education was primarily domestic, overseen by mothers or male family educators.

Physical education included activities like wrestling, running, discus throwing, and javelin throwing.

Sparta

In Sparta, the state controlled the educational process,...