Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

The Renaissance (15th-16th Centuries)

The Renaissance, spanning the 15th and 16th centuries, marked a retrieval of Greco-Latin culture and an abandonment of what was perceived as the preceding medieval culture. It was seen as a revival, ending an era considered 'barbaric' and ignorant, and beginning a time of refined culture and intellect. This transformation spread across Europe, spurred by major developments like the invention of the printing press (around 1448) and the European discovery of America (1492). This period also saw the beginnings of religious reformation and modern science. Thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, and Archimedes were rediscovered and studied anew.

Revival of Classical Thought

The recovery of classical texts had... Continue reading "Renaissance Thought: Philosophy, Science, and Politics" »

Urban Planning and Land Management

A Technical Administrator is needed to carry out the plans, project implementation, and expropriation, requiring new administrative institutions with the power to change land ownership structures.

This arises partly because developer actions, whether public or private, generate profits on new farms. The intent is to balance the burdens and benefits of this action.

In short, public institutions regulate and ensure that the urbanization process results in housing with ideal conditions, now known as quality of life. The approach management techniques of the new administrative tools depend on the plan's intended use. Land may be expropriated as inherent, redistributed among owners, or equitably distributed among... Continue reading "Urban Planning: Expropriation, Land Management, and Quality of Life" »

The European Central Bank and Monetary Policy

Institutional Organization

• The European Central Bank (ECB) and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) were created on January 1, 1998, under the Treaty establishing the European Community and the Statute annexed to the Treaty.
• The ESCB comprises the ECB and the national central banks (NCBs) of all Member States of the European Union (EU).
• The NCBs of EU members that have not adopted the euro are part of the ESCB but do not participate in making monetary policy decisions regarding the euro area or in the execution of those decisions.
• For this reason, the term "Eurosystem" has been adopted to describe the mechanism by which the ECB and the NCBs of participating Member States play the roles of the

Dialectical Materialism

Materialism is the latest theory that matches directly across the entire universe. L.Q. reduces or is subject to step H. Feuerbach was thought to be a materialist, but his mistake was permanence. N1M. Materialism can be divided into two types:

• Mechanistic Materialism
• Dialectical Materialism

In dialectical materialism, nature develops, stating that it is reaching its historical level or height of man. Take care that S1 + people are not an echo, but man is one with his work, so his work is the same as the essence. No matter which subject, its dynamic mobility is producing, evolving, and developing all through dialectical movement. This movement is the thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. This is the same contribution as Hegel'... Continue reading "Dialectical and Historical Materialism: A Marxist View" »

Definition

MIE T7 is a framework for studying and improving social situations in education. Inquirers actively participate in the investigation to enhance their understanding and promote positive change.

Key Questions

Guiding questions include: What? Who? How? (with a preference for qualitative approaches, utilizing tools such as audio, video, and photography) and Why?

Kemmis and McTaggart (1988)

They define collaborative inquiry as systematic, evidence-based work. It goes beyond simple problem-solving to encompass improved understanding and transformation. This collaborative research involves stakeholders and prioritizes the perspectives of those directly involved.

Key Features of Collaborative Inquiry

Collaborative inquiry aims to improve education... Continue reading "MIE T7: Collaborative Inquiry in Education" »

Social and Political Movements in 19th Century Europe

Key Concepts

• Class Society: A form of social organization in Europe after the Industrial Revolution and the bourgeois revolutions, characterized by social groups or classes differentiated by wealth.
• Bourgeoisie: The social class that owns the means of production and controls political, economic, and social life in 19th-century Europe.
• Proletariat: The working class within the capitalist system, possessing only their labor and facing challenging living and working conditions.
• Protectionism: Economic practices advocating tariffs on foreign products to protect domestic industries.
• Free Trade: Economic theory advocating for no state intervention in international trade.
• Chartist Movements: A political

Understanding Theta Roles in Linguistics

Theta roles, also known as semantic roles, describe the role a word or phrase plays in relation to the verb in a sentence. Here's a breakdown of common theta roles:

1. Agent

   The agent is the active instigator or causer of an action. Agents are typically animate (animals or people) and possess volition and cognitive ability.

   Examples:

   • Mary killed Peter.
   • Peter was killed by Mary.

2. Patient

   The patient is the entity undergoing a process or physically affected by an action. It's the affected party of an action instigated by an agent or simply the undergoer of a process.

   Examples:

   • Peter melted the ice. / The ice was melted by Peter.
   • The ice melted.

3. Theme

   The theme is something or someone that is located in a place or that

Astronomy and cosmology are fields of science and knowledge that study the cosmos and the universe. Cosmology, in particular, is part of theoretical physics and investigates the origin, nature, and evolution of the universe.

Prehistoric Sky Observation

Cosmology was observed for the first time in prehistory, reflecting humanity's early interest in observing the sky during prehistoric epochs.

The development of calendars, linked to tracking animal migrations and agricultural cycles, provides evidence of systematic attempts to determine the position and movements of the Sun and the Moon.

Stonehenge demonstrates the study of the universe in order to try to determine with maximum precision the position of the Sun during the summer and winter solstices.... Continue reading "History of Astronomy and Early Cosmology" »

Hume: Historical Context

England after the Revolution of 1688:

• Bourgeois revolution, parliamentary monarchy, supremacy of Parliament.
• Individual rights and religious freedoms.
• Political and economic freedom: abolition of monopolies.
• England becomes the leading economic power, industrial and capitalist.

Pre-revolutionary France:

• Enlightened despotism: everything for the people but without the people.
• Increasing influence of figured secularization, deism, atheism.

Rousseau: Historical Context

Pre-revolutionary France:

• Enlightened despotism: the monarch has absolute power he receives from God. The king is the sovereign (who has all authority).
• Influence of Enlightenment ideas in the monarchies of the continent to girders of the nobility and high bourgeoisie.

Globalization Process

The unification of the world drives the circulation of material and immaterial goods, leading to the re-globalization of economic, social, political, and cultural aspects. This globalization has unique characteristics that differentiate it from other stages of capitalism:

1. State reform and deregulation of economic and financial activities.
2. Productive restructuring and the emergence of new forms of labor organization.
3. Processes of regionalization and integration, leading to the formation of large economic blocs.

Fordism

Fordism is a specific way of organizing the production process that characterized the capitalist system from the 1930s. Using an assembly line, as pioneered by Ford Motors in the early 20th century, it represents... Continue reading "Globalization and Economic Transformation" »