Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Present Simple

Affirmative

• I/you/we/they live
• he/she/it lives

I/you/we/they + infinitive
he/she/it + infinitive + -s/-es

Negative

• I/you/we/they don't live
• he/she/it doesn't live

Present Simple: Questions

Do + I/you/we/they + infinitive...?
Does + he/she/it + infinitive...?

Short Answers

• Yes, I/you/we/they do.
• Yes, he/she/it does.

Present Continuous

Affirmative

• I'm / you/we/they're + -ing
• he/she/it's + -ing

Negative

• I'm not / you/we/they aren't + -ing
• he/she/it isn't + -ing

There is / There are

Singular

• Affirmative: There's
• Negative: There isn't
• Question: Is there...?

Plural

• Affirmative: There are
• Negative: There aren't
• Question: Are there...?

Future Simple (Will)

Negative

• I/you/we/they will not...
• he/she/it will not...

Negative Short Form

• I/you/we/they won't...
• he/she/it won't.

M7 - Anglicana Currens (1453)

1 - Item, the said little house draws not 5,000 tiles, which after 16 pence the thousand

2 - Should draw 6 shillings, 8 pence. Notwithstanding, if Sir Thomas thinks that he should be allowed

3 - He shall be. And you must remember in this new work how that he, for the said work, noble

4 - Has received 6 shillings, 8 pence of you, and 8 shillings of Robert Tolle before Michaelmas, as appears

5 - In his account, 8 shillings. And what he has received of Tolle since Michaelmas, 5 shillings, 4 pence.

6 - Tell you, I suppose it is 10 shillings. And then by this reckoning, he should be 13 shillings, 4 pence ahead.

7 - Hand, which I would you should gather up in this new work as well as you might.

8 - For I am beholden to do him...

Mussolini’s rise to power

To the majority of Italians, the Versailles settlement was a bitter disappointment. Although Italy gained some territories, it was ignored. It seemed that other countries, particularly Yugoslavia, had gained at Italy’s expense. The territories that Italy gained were Trentino, South Tyrol, Istria, and Trieste.

Italy had borrowed heavily to finance its involvement in the First World War, leading to soaring inflation. In addition to this massive increase in the cost of living, Italians faced high unemployment as industry reduced production. The number of people seeking jobs increased with the return of the soldiers. Italy's parliamentary system was based on proportional representation, with more than nine political...

The Energy of Tomorrow

Wind Power: A Solution?

It is generally accepted that we will not be able to use oil and gas to power our homes forever. These energy forms contribute to pollution, and as a result, alternative, clean energy sources will be relied on more in the future. One of the most common alternative sources is wind power, but does this solve our energy problems?

It is well known that wind energy is a clean energy source. Not only is it sustainable, but it is also cheap. Furthermore, wind turbines perform reliably and are adaptable; they are perfect for both the city and the countryside. In countries such as Spain, more than 20% of the electricity used is already generated by wind turbines.

Disadvantages of Wind Power

However, there are...

Economic Recovery (The 1920s)

Definition

Loans and investments in European industries were given by the American government. War reparations and payments were revised.

Aim

To increase the value of the German mark (currency).

Consequence

The United States also helped other European countries by giving them loans and selling the consumer goods they lacked. As a result, by the mid-1920s, the world economy began to recover and grew steadily. It was a prosperous time, known as the Roaring Twenties.

The Wall Street Crash of 1929

Industrial Overproduction

During World War I, American industry supplied Europe, so they produced more. After the war, European industry started to recover, and European countries started producing their own products.

Consequence

Europe...

William Wordsworth: “I wandered lonely as a cloud”

He was born in England, 1770. He was a poet who helped to found the Romantic Movement in English Literature. He wrote “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” and worked with Samuel Taylor Coleridge on Lyrical Ballads, 1798. The collection which contained Wordsworth’s “Tintern Abbey”, introduced romanticism to English poetry. He also showed his affinity for nature through some of his poems and he became England’s poet laureate in 1843, a role that he held until he died in 1850. William Wordsworth visited France in the middle of the French Revolution and was a supporter of the new government and republican ideals. Furthermore, he is considered to belong to the Lake School, the first generation...

The Congress of Vienna and the Restoration

The Congress of Vienna, convened after Napoleon's defeat in 1815, marked a return to the Ancien Régime. European powers—Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain—sought to restore the pre-revolutionary political order.

Two key alliances emerged during this period:

• The Holy Alliance: Comprising Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
• The Quadruple Alliance: Including Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain.

Revolutions and Ideologies

The 19th century witnessed numerous revolutions across Europe, fueled by discontent with the restored order. These uprisings were driven by powerful ideologies:

Liberalism

Liberalism championed individual liberties and resonated with the burgeoning bourgeoisie. Its core principles...