Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Vladimir Lenin and the October Revolution

Lenin was the Bolshevik leader and the main inspirational figure of the October Revolution of 1917. In 1897, he was imprisoned and deported to Siberia for his activities against the tsarist autocracy. After being released in 1900, he went into exile in Switzerland. Following the victory of the February Revolution, he returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks' seizure of power. He ruled the USSR until his death in 1924.

The Fall of the Tsarist Regime

The fall of the tsarist regime occurred due to the military disaster of Russia in the Great War and because of the misery and famine that most of the population suffered.

The Provisional Government and Social Unrest

The Tsar's regime was replaced by a republic... Continue reading "Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Revolution History" »

What are we made of?

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Water.

Metabolism:

All chemical reactions that take place inside the body.

Carbohydrates:

Include sugars and starches. Contain three types of atoms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.

Sugars: The simplest kind of carbohydrates are the simple sugars or monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose. If two monosaccharides join, a disaccharide is formed.

Polysaccharides:
If many simple sugars join together, a molecule called a polysaccharide is made. (Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides.)

Carbohydrates Functions:
Energy: Energy is released by respiration. The carbohydrate used in respiration is usually glucose.
Transport: Animals transport glucose around the body, plants transport sucrose.
Storage: Plants store... Continue reading "Understanding Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, and Enzymes" »

FUNGI KINGDOM

Cellular Organization:

Unicellular or multicellular, the cells are eukaryotic, they have no tissues.

Size and Shape:

Unicellular fungi, like yeast, are round or oval and microscopic in size.

Nutrition:

Heterotrophic, many are saprophytes, feeding on organic material from animals or plants.

Lifestyle:

They can be free-living symbionts or parasites.

Reproduction:

Unicellular asexual, multicellular asexual, or sexual.

PROTOCTIST KINGDOM PROTOZOA

Cellular Organization:

Unicellular, they have no tissues.

Size and Shape:

Oval, round, oblong, half-moon. All are microscopic.

Nutrition:

Heterotrophic, feeding on bacteria and algae.

Habitat and Lifestyle:

Most are free-living.

Reproduction:

They reproduce asexually by binary fission.

Movement:

They move by using... Continue reading "Characteristics of Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, and Monera Kingdoms" »

OBJECTIVES OF ADOLESCENCE 
    To develop emotional and cognitive abilities. Young humans have access to abstract thinking and reflexive knowledge. 
    To build a personal identity, integrating and accepting their body image, have expectations and future projects. This includes accepting puberty’s physical changes, redefining familiar relationships, achieve emotional independence and a sexual identity. 
    To acquire new social abilities (relations with other classmates and adults), an autonomous moral, new interpersonal relationships (couple relationships) and exercising a studying or working role. 

PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES:
   It reaffirms the Ego. Individuals take conscience of themselves and acquire more emotional control. This... Continue reading "Human performance " »

English Irregular Verbs: Complete Conjugation Table

This list provides the base form, past simple, past participle, and the corresponding meaning in Catalan for common English irregular verbs.

Matter and Energy

Matter

• Atoms and molecules
• Everything that has mass and volume
• Law of Conservation of Matter: Matter is neither created nor destroyed, it only transforms.

Energy

• Light, chemical, and heat
• Ability to perform work
• Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it only transforms.
• Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy tends to increase in the universe.

Cycles of Matter

We can study matter by the path of the atoms and molecules that constitute it. We consider that each trophic level is a compartment, through which the atoms pass.

Energy Flows

• Energy passes from one level or compartment to another, through trophic networks.
• In each step, a significant part of energy is lost as heat or entropy.
• Energy cycles are not closed

Absolutism in Europe: The Rise of Authoritarian Monarchies

Beginning in the late 15th century, European monarchs began consolidating power, gradually wresting it from traditional sources of authority like the nobility, the Church, and city-states. This trend, known as the rise of authoritarian monarchies, continued throughout the 16th century.

The 17th Century: The Zenith of Absolute Rule

The 17th century witnessed the culmination of this power shift, with monarchs reaching the pinnacle of their authority. This period marked the emergence of absolutism, a political system where the king embodied the ultimate source and wielder of all political power.

Philosophical Justifications for Absolute Power

Several prominent thinkers sought to legitimize... Continue reading "Absolutism in Europe: From Authoritarian Monarchies to the Divine Right of Kings" »

The Harpsichord: A Precursor to the Piano

The harpsichord is a horizontally strung stringed keyboard instrument and a precursor of the piano. It is triangular in shape, consisting usually of two manuals controlling various sets of strings plucked by pivoted plectrums mounted on jacks. With horizontal strings which run perpendicular to the keyboard in a long tapering case, its sound features are gentle, metallic, and blurring.

The Baroque Flute and Its Construction

The baroque flute is made of wood, of which the most commonly used are boxwood, ebony, and grenadilla. It has a conical bore that is wide at the end with the embouchure hole and tapers to become significantly more narrow at the bottom. It has relatively small embouchure and finger holes.... Continue reading "Essential Baroque Musical Instruments and Their Sounds" »