Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Mussolini’s rise to power

To the majority of Italians, the Versailles settlement was a bitter disappointment. Although Italy gained some territories, it was ignored. It seemed that other countries, particularly Yugoslavia, had gained at Italy’s expense. The territories that Italy gained were Trentino, South Tyrol, Istria, and Trieste.

Italy had borrowed heavily to finance its involvement in the First World War, leading to soaring inflation. In addition to this massive increase in the cost of living, Italians faced high unemployment as industry reduced production. The number of people seeking jobs increased with the return of the soldiers. Italy's parliamentary system was based on proportional representation, with more than nine political... Continue reading "Mussolini's Rise to Power and Foreign Policy" »

The Destructive Nature of Ambition: Macbeth and Frankenstein

Victor Frankenstein: A Victim of His Own Creation

Victor Frankenstein, a brilliant mind from a young age, possessed an insatiable thirst for knowledge. Nurtured by a supportive family, his curiosity led him to pursue higher education. His fascination with the natural world and the mysteries of life ultimately consumed him. Blinded by ambition, Victor failed to foresee the potential consequences of his scientific endeavors, leading him to create a creature that would become his undoing.

Driven by an all-consuming desire to animate lifeless matter, Victor isolated himself from family and friends. This seclusion took a toll on his mental state. After two years of relentless work, he... Continue reading "The Pitfalls of Ambition: A Comparative Study of Macbeth and Frankenstein" »

The Energy of Tomorrow

Wind Power: A Solution?

It is generally accepted that we will not be able to use oil and gas to power our homes forever. These energy forms contribute to pollution, and as a result, alternative, clean energy sources will be relied on more in the future. One of the most common alternative sources is wind power, but does this solve our energy problems?

It is well known that wind energy is a clean energy source. Not only is it sustainable, but it is also cheap. Furthermore, wind turbines perform reliably and are adaptable; they are perfect for both the city and the countryside. In countries such as Spain, more than 20% of the electricity used is already generated by wind turbines.

Disadvantages of Wind Power

However, there are... Continue reading "Wind and Solar Power: The Future of Energy?" »

Organizational Design Concepts

A potential drawback in organizational design is the less effective use of central information.

Management Span and Organizational Layers

• Span of Management: The number of subordinates who report to a particular manager.
  • Relates to: Wide span versus narrow organizations.
• Organizational Layers: The levels of management in an organization.
  • Relates to: Flat versus tall organizations.

3. Specialization and Departmentalization

Specialization (The Division of Labor)

Specialization (e.g., the Ford model) is the division of labor into small, specific tasks and the assignment of employees to perform a single task.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Specialization

• Pros:
  • Efficiency
  • Ease of training
  • Ease of performing tasks
• Cons:
  • Low levels

Delegation of authority is the result of:

• the firm’s growth
• more complex decisions

Delegation and empowerment are essential skills for effective managers. Although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there are several areas of difference between them:

• Delegation is a straightforward means of assigning tasks to your employees.
• Empowerment seeks to give an employee more authority with the aim of developing employee commitment, enthusiasm, and expertise, while encouraging innovation that will benefit the organization over time. Empowerment necessarily requires some level of delegation, but not all instances of delegation will produce an empowered employee.

Responsibility: The obligation, placed on employees through delegation, to perform... Continue reading "Delegation of Authority and Empowerment in Management" »

Econometric Notation: Residuals and Estimates

Residuals are denoted by e (Sample Regression Function, SRF) and the true error term by u (Population Regression Function, PRF).

• Coefficients: Estimated coefficients (e.g., $\hat{\beta}_0$ and $\hat{\beta}_1$) in the SRF are denoted with hats (caps). True coefficients ($\beta_0, \beta_1$) in the PRF are without hats.
• Dependent Variable: The predicted value $\hat{Y}_t$ (the value derived from the regression equation without the residual) is denoted with a hat. The actual observed value $Y_t$ (which includes the residual or error term) is without a hat.

Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis testing makes inferences about the validity of specific economic (or other) theories from a sample of the... Continue reading "Econometric Hypothesis Testing and Regression Model Specification" »

Sensitivity Analysis: The study of how changes in the coefficients of a linear programming problem affect the optimal solution.

Objective Function Coefficient Allowable Increase (Decrease): The allowable increase (decrease) of an objective function coefficient is the amount the coefficient may increase (decrease) without causing any change in the values of the decision variables in the optimal solution. The allowable increase/decrease for the objective function coefficients can be used to calculate the range of optimality.

Objective Coefficient Range (Range of Optimality): The range of values over which an objective function coefficient may vary without causing any change in the values of the decision variables in the optimal solution.

Shadow

Key Terms in Linear Programming & Optimization

Constraint

An equation or inequality that rules out certain combinations of decision variables as feasible solutions.

Problem Formulation

The process of translating a verbal statement of a problem into a mathematical statement called the mathematical model.

Mathematical Model

A representation of a problem where the objective and all constraint conditions are described by mathematical expressions.

Decision Variable

A controllable input for a linear programming model.

Objective Function

The expression that defines the quantity to be maximized or minimized in a linear programming model.

Nonnegativity Constraints

A set of constraints that requires all variables to be nonnegative.

Linear Program

A mathematical... Continue reading "Linear Programming Terminology: Core Concepts Defined" »

All

Long

I-Parkinson Sx(Amimia/Micrgraphia)(dementia/hyperkinesia)II-2nd Park(Neuroleptic)(CO/Arteriscleoris/encephlaiits)III-Syringomyelia(Sensory loss/Wasting/Long tract/Autonomiv)IV-Tx of M Gravis(Ach(-)(CSD)(Plasmophoresis)(thymectomy)V-Foot Drop(L5...)VI-Open Depressed ScullVII-Cerebral artery aneurysm!(gigantic,sacular)VIII-Sterotactic Techniques used for:^^glioblastoma Histology-Lumbar vertebral Fractures:-Sx provoked by brain tumour!-Multifocal Tumours:-Dx for Cerebral artery aneurysm-Cerebral artery naeurysm Clipped by:

-CN 9+10 Dx:-Lesion CN 5(sensory nuclei)-CN 9 lesion!-Malingnant brain glioma

***T/F:

-CS tract(NOT ) onl from Frontal-BS lesion--->controlateral hemiparesis(T)-Bilateral amr paralysis, Central cord(T)-controlateral Focal