Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

8 Essential Information Architecture Principles

The Principle of Objects

This principle focuses on how you see your content. You should try to see it as a living thing—complete with its own lifecycle, behaviors, and characteristics.

The Principle of Choices

People often have the illusion that they want as many choices as possible. However, the more choices we have to make, the more cognitive power it takes for us to actually make the call. This may even cause anxiety. This is why it is better to create specific categories; otherwise, users can easily get lost.

The Principle of Disclosure

People can only process new information in a certain way. This principle is about showing more information depending on the stage or page you are looking for.... Continue reading "8 Essential Information Architecture Principles for UX" »

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Replication - General Characteristics:

• DNA replication is semiconservative: each strand in the DNA double helix acts as a template for the synthesis of a new, complementary strand. The new two daughter molecules of DNA have a new strand and an old one.
• DNA polymerase III: is the enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing DNA chain, incorporating only those that are complementary to the template. DNA polymerase III has the following characteristics:
  • It can only read a template in 3’-----5’ direction so the new strand grows in 5’----3’ direction.
  • It needs a pre-existing strand of nucleotides called a primer which provides a 3’-OH end to bind new nucleotides.
  • It is able to repair the mistakes by removing

Properties of Metals

PROPERTIES OF METALS: good electrical, thermal and acoustic conductors; ductile and malleable; tough; they melt at high temperatures, expand when the temperature rises and contract when it cools; some are magnetic; rust when they come into contact with air and oxygen (not all); can be recycled and reused, some are toxic for the environment.

Ferrous Metals

FERROUS METALS: main component is iron.

PURE IRON: greyish white colour, good magnetic properties. Disadvantages: only melts at high temperature, difficult to machine, fragile and brittle. Uses: rarely used, used in electronics and electrical components. CAST IRON: very hard and resistant. Uses: machine parts, casing for engines, stands for machines, pistons, street lamps,... Continue reading "Properties of Metals and Ferrous vs. Non-Ferrous Metals" »

DISTILATION PROCESS: ELEMENTS

• Thermometer: measure the temperature of the vapor
• The stopper: hold the thermometer
• The Bunsen Burner: heat the liquid
• The tube at the top of the condenser: conduct the cool water away
• The cool water: cool the vaporized alcohol
• The tube at the bottom of the condenser: conduct cool water in
• The receiving flask: collect the condensed alcohol
• The stand (soporte): maintain an upright or vertical position
• The clamps (pinzas): support the wire
• The wire gauze (rejilla de alambre): spread the flame out
• The ring clamps (pinzas de anilla): grip the flask and the condenser

ORDER

1. Distillation is used...
2. To separate a mixture of liquids...
3. Distillation is a widely used method...
4. The gas is then condensed...
5. Although the term is mostly common.

Receptors

Internal receptors perceive changes inside the body, such as a rise in blood pressure. External receptors perceive stimuli in the external environment.

Types of Receptors

• Mechanoreceptors: Perceive mechanical stimuli (pressure).
• Thermoreceptors: Perceive changes in temperature.
• Chemoreceptors: Detect chemical substances in the air, water, etc.
• Nociceptors: Perceive pain stimuli.
• Photoreceptors: Light sensitive.

Nervous System

The nervous system analyzes internal and external stimuli perceived by receptors, generating responses. It carries out this function through nerve impulses transmitted by cells called neurons. This system coordinates fast, short-lived responses (e.g., muscle contraction).

Endocrine System

The endocrine system is made up... Continue reading "Sensory Systems and Nervous Coordination" »

Interaction and Homeostasis

Interaction includes a series of processes whose object is to adapt the body to changing conditions in the internal and external environment. It connects and coordinates the different parts of our body so that they work together.

Homeostasis is the process that maintains the body's stability when there are changes in the internal environment. This process works as a feedback device, meaning that when a variation is detected in a particular element, a series of mechanisms in the body start up to make the variation return to its normal state.

Systems Participating in the Interaction Process

• Sensory Organs: Capture the stimulus, which is transformed into a nerve impulse and transmitted to the nervous system.
• Nervous System:

Urban Environment and City Life

• Alley: Callejón
• Lack of: Falta de
• Population density: Densitat de població
• Clear: Evident
• Land: Terra
• Quality of life: Qualitat de vida
• Commute: Viatjar
• Landmark: Punt de referència
• Resident: Resident
• Crime rate: Taxa de criminalitat
• Let in: Permetre
• Round the clock: Les 24 hores
• Destroy: Destruir
• Litter: Escampar brossa
• Set foot (in): Trepitjar
• Equal: Igual
• Mayor: Alcalde
• Skyscraper: Rascacels
• Facility: Instal·lació
• Neighbourhood: Barri
• Slum: Barri baix
• Free of charge: Gratuït
• Overcrowding: Aglomeració
• Trek: Excursió
• Giant: Gegant
• Pavement: Vorera
• Unemployment: Atur
• Housing: Habitatge
• Pay a fine: Pagar una multa
• Wealthy: Ric
• Isolation: Aïllament
• Picturesque: Pintoresc
• Block of flats: Bloc de pisos
• Pedestrian: Vian: Vianant
• Get around:

Membranophone Instruments Explained

Membranophone instruments produce sound through a vibrating membrane. Percussionists make the membrane vibrate by striking it with their hands or hitting it with wooden sticks called drumsticks or mallets.

Although many membranophone instruments have a system for adjusting the tension of the membrane or drum skin, only a few membranophones allow the percussionist to determine the precise pitch of the sounds the instrument emits. Membranophones are classified into two groups: pitched and unpitched.

Pitched Membranophones

Most instruments in this group have a single membrane and can emit a note that is tuned to a musical scale. The best-known instruments in this group include timpani (also called kettledrums),... Continue reading "Membranophone Percussion Instruments: Pitched and Unpitched Types" »

The Reign of Philip III and the *Validos*

Philip III was not as energetic as his father. In this century, the king usually left political decisions to the *validos*—a royal favorite who governed on his behalf and concentrated political power. The Duke of Lerma was the main *valido* of Philip III.

The Expulsion of the Moriscos (1609–1614)

The expulsion of the Moriscos was the continuation of preceding dynamics and tensions. This was a decision driven by the Duke of Lerma. It proved to be a disaster in economic and demographic terms, because the Moriscos were hard agrarian and artisanal workers.

The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)

Philip III and Philip IV supported the Habsburg Emperor against the Palatinate Elector and other subjects. Initially,... Continue reading "The 17th Century Crisis of the Spanish Monarchy" »

Imperialism and Its Causes

From 1870, European colonial expansion turned to Africa, Asia, and the Pacific and entered a new phase known as Imperialism. Unlike the previous form of Colonialism, whose main objective was to dominate the economic resources of the colonies, Imperialism implied the military, political, and economic control of the European minority over the dominated territories.

Key Drivers of the New Colonial Momentum

The new colonial momentum was due to different causes:

• Political and strategic: The possession of colonies assured the power and the international prestige of countries or allowed trade routes and strategic territories to be controlled.
• Demographic: The colonies provided territories where excess population could be sent