Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

The Reign of Philip III and the *Validos*

Philip III was not as energetic as his father. In this century, the king usually left political decisions to the *validos*—a royal favorite who governed on his behalf and concentrated political power. The Duke of Lerma was the main *valido* of Philip III.

The Expulsion of the Moriscos (1609–1614)

The expulsion of the Moriscos was the continuation of preceding dynamics and tensions. This was a decision driven by the Duke of Lerma. It proved to be a disaster in economic and demographic terms, because the Moriscos were hard agrarian and artisanal workers.

The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)

Philip III and Philip IV supported the Habsburg Emperor against the Palatinate Elector and other subjects. Initially,... Continue reading "The 17th Century Crisis of the Spanish Monarchy" »

Water: Properties and Cycle

Properties of Water

Freshwater: Salinity below 35g/L.

Saltwater (Ocean Water): Salinity over 35g/L.

General Properties: Colorless, odorless, tasteless. Higher density in liquid state than solid state. Universal solvent. High heat capacity. Facilitates many chemical reactions. Exhibits adhesive capacity.

States of Water

• Solid (S)
• Liquid (L)
• Gas (G)

Transitions: S --(fusion)--> L --(vaporization)--> G --(condensation)--> L --(solidification)--> S S --(sublimation)--> G --(inverse sublimation)--> S

Water as a Thermal Regulator

Water's high heat capacity means significant temperature changes require large amounts of energy. This explains why coastal regions experience milder climates compared to inland areas.

The

Economic Growth and Industrial Expansion (1870-1914)

This period witnessed the most significant increase in economic growth ever recorded in such a short time. The standard of living improved considerably in industrialized countries.

Expansion of Industrialization (1870-1914)

• Russia and Spain: Their factories were concentrated in specific regions, and their economies were not fully industrialized.
• Germany: Became the world's leading manufacturer of chemical products.
• United States: Became the leading industrial power thanks to its economic dynamism and the presence of great inventors.
• Japan: In 1868, it began to modernize intensively with the advice of European and North American technicians.

The Rise of Corporations

A characteristic of this period... Continue reading "Industrialization and Social Change: 1870-1914" »

SAP Controlling and Profitability Analysis

Activity Allocation and Responsibility

Activity Allocation: You post quantity for both the sender and receiver.

Areas of Responsibility: Profit Center Accounting.

CO-PA and HANA Integration

• CO-PA: Value fields and transfer structure.
• CO-PA / HANA: ACDOCA.
• CO-PA / Product Cost: Cost of goods sold.

Controlling Area and Cost Accounting

Controlling Area: When the controlling area is defined, it follows a one-to-many (1:N) relationship.

Cost Accounting: Allocation structure.

Cost Center Management

• Cost Center: Tracing factor and cost center category. It is a structure to which all the cost centers within a hierarchy are assigned. Includes assessment and CO version.
• Cost Center/Internal Order: Real internal order and

Immanent Divine Presence

• Describes the divine as existing within and extending into all parts of the creative universe.
• In Buddhism and Hinduism, practitioners believe they can achieve unity with their supernatural being.
• Buddhists strive to follow Buddha's teachings to attain personal enlightenment (Nirvana), which liberates them from the world of pain and suffering.

Transcendent Divine Nature

• Embraces the ideology of a divine power existing beyond human capabilities and experiences.
• Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are considered transcendent religions.
• Jews believe that God is eternal, has always existed, and always will. God has provided laws for Jews to observe, which are found in the Tanakh.
• Adherence to God's instructions is seen as an expression

Spanish Political System

Types of Political Systems

Authoritarian System

Power is controlled by one person.

• Dictatorship: A single party.
• Theocracy: Religious authorities control the government.
• Republic: The president is a dictator.
• Monarchy: The monarch has absolute power.

Territory

Controls and has a border that marks its boundaries with other states.

Decentralized States

They are a combination between centralized and federal states; they have autonomy in these matters.

Unitary State

The executive power is exerted by a single and central government.

Federal State

Power is divided between the federal government and the states' governments.

Rule of Law and the Constitution

Rule of Law

The state is subject to laws and regulations, and any new law depends on... Continue reading "Spanish Political System: Structure and Institutions" »

English Vocabulary

Sentiments

• Amusing - divertit
• Upsetting - inquietant
• Embarrassing - incòmode
• Worrying - preocupant
• Inspiring - inspirador
• Frightening - espantós
• Annoying - molesta
• Confusing - confús
• Relaxing - relaxant
• Fascinating - fascinant
• Frustrating - frustrant

Tecnologia

• Browse - navegar
• Charge - carregar
• Download - descarregar
• Message - enviar un missatge
• Plug in - connectar
• Press - prémer
• Scroll - desplaçar-se
• Stream - transmetre
• Swipe - fer lliscar el dit
• Switch off - apagar
• Switch on - encendre
• Tap - tocar
• Unplug - desconnectar
• Update - actualitzar

Grammar Reference

Present Perfect and Past Simple

Food and Essential Nutrients

Food is our source of nutrients. Nutrients are biomolecules our body needs to sustain vital functions. They are the chemical components of food, the building blocks and energy sources our cells require to live.

Basic Nutritional Requirements

• Energetic: Some nutrients are broken down in mitochondria to extract energy.
• Structural: Some nutrients are building blocks of body structures.
• Regulatory: Some nutrients are necessary in small quantities to regulate body metabolism.

Carbohydrates (Glucids)

Biomolecules present in bread, cereals, potatoes, pasta, etc. They provide energy to cells, and some of them must be consumed on a regular daily basis.

Simple and Complex Glucids

Simple Glucids (Sugars)

Sweet taste, small molecules.... Continue reading "Essential Nutrients and Their Role in Health" »

1º Future possibility / if + pres Simp / Future simple - imperative / I’ll be late if I don't’ hurry - If you are tired go to bed - You can have a sandwich if you want something to eat.

2º Imaginary or hypothetical situation in the present or future - Giving advice. / If + Past Simp / Would + base form - could ¬ might + base form / If he tried harder, he would do better at school - If he won the lottery, we could buy a car. - If I were you, I would invite Tom to the party.

3º Situation in the past which is over and cannot be changed / If + Past Perfect Simple / Would + have + Past participle - Could ¬ might + have + past participle / If I had woken up on time, I wouldn't have been late for school. - We might have visited you if we had