Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Baseball: A Beginner's Guide

Description

Baseball is a team sport where two teams compete on a field. The objective is to score more points than the opposing team by running laps around the field. Each completed lap counts as one point.

Equipment

Ball

The baseball is a hard sphere with a core made of cork, surrounded by nylon, and covered with leather.

Bat

Bats can be made of either solid wood or aluminum. Wooden bats are heavier than aluminum bats, resulting in stronger hits but slower swings.

Gameplay

Game Duration

Baseball games do not have a time limit. A match can last for an hour, 1 hour and 30 minutes, or even 2 hours, depending on the players' performance and the score.

Innings

A baseball game consists of nine innings. Each inning is divided into... Continue reading "A Beginner's Guide to Baseball" »

Clients, Customers, and Consumers

• Customer: A person who buys a product but is not a habitual client.
• Client: A person who usually buys a product.
• Consumer: A person who uses a product but does not necessarily pay for it.

Consumer Protection

Consumers are at the end of the distribution channel. A consumer purchases a product or service for direct use, not for reselling or for further production. The following stages in the distribution chain of goods from their production to the time they reach the end user.

The manufacturer is the party that makes the product. This is stage 1.

The wholesaler is the intermediary who buys products from the manufacturer and sells them on to the retailer. This is stage 2.

The retailer is the party who sells the product... Continue reading "Understanding Consumer Rights and Legal Protection in Spain" »

English Grammar: Tenses and Structures

Past Tense

Simple Past

• A 1.1 will be interviewed, wasn't understood, been estimated, was/has been ordered, had been accused, is alleged
• B 1.will be charged, is being reported, have stolen, is estimated, wasn't expected, had been/was believed
• C 1.was expected, has been demonstrated, is being claimed, will be released, had been suspected, isn't thought

Past Continuous

• A 2.are believed to be discussing, are thought to be, is reported to have cancelled, admitted making up / having made up, apologised for destroying, refused to move, reminds us to change
• B 2.1 is/was known to be, are reported to be holding, are/were thought to have left, (have) advised not going out, confessed to taking, promised to improve, encouraging

The Modern Age: Defining the Historical Period

The historical period known as the Modern Age spans from the 15th to the 18th century. This period is a subject of debate amongst historians. Most accepted starting dates include the capture of Constantinople by the Turks (1453) or the discovery of America (1492). It is generally considered to end with the French Revolution (1789).

The Modern Age is divided into sub-periods characterized by homogeneous features:

• 16th Century: The Renaissance
• 17th Century: The Baroque
• 18th Century: The Enlightenment and Absolutism

The Age of Geographical Discoveries

Geographical discoveries, primarily made by the Portuguese and Castilians in Africa, America, and Asia, significantly extended the frontiers of the world known... Continue reading "The Dawn of Modernity: Renaissance, Reformation, and Global Discovery" »

Cold War Conflicts

Korean War (1950-1953)

North Korea invaded South Korea. South Korea was supported by the USA, Great Britain, and France. North Korea was supported by China and the USSR. The fighting ended on July 27, 1953, when the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed, resulting in a stalemate. It is the only conflict that persists nowadays.

Vietnam War (1955-1975)

The US feared Vietnam becoming communist, so they invaded. North Vietnam was supported by the USSR and China (communists). South Vietnam was supported by the USA and Australia (anti-communists). Vietnam became communist. This is the only war the USA lost.

Berlin Blockade (1948-1949)

The USSR blocked access to Berlin. West Berlin was capitalist (USA, France, UK), and East Berlin was... Continue reading "Cold War Conflicts: Korea, Vietnam, Berlin & More" »

Cinquecento: Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) produced few works, but of very high quality. His major technical contribution was the sfumato technique, applied in works such as The Last Supper and Mona Lisa.

Michelangelo

Michelangelo (1475-1564) displayed special interest in nudes, movement, variety of poses, drawing, and the depiction of volume. His main work was the series of frescoes in the Sistine Chapel.

Raphael

Raphael (1483-1520) achieved great perfection in drawing, color, and composition. His principal work was The School of Athens.

The Birth of the Baroque

The Baroque arose during the 17th century in response to papal patronage in Rome and spread across the rest of Europe. Artists continued the artistic traditions of the Renaissance.... Continue reading "Renaissance and Baroque Art: Masters and Masterpieces" »

Syllabus

Recall

Live Performances

Audible

Chords

Composes

Jam Session

Playable

Musical Masterpiece

Took Up

Release (Unplugged)

Jingle (Composer)

Lyrics

Tunes

Easy Listening

Gig (Chorus)

Cognitive Benefits

Tone Deaf

Vocals (Conductor)

Background Music

Choir (Deafening)

Acoustic

Airplay

Recorded

Musical Store

Useful Phrases

• To name just a few / Give just a few
• Can well / May well
• Fighting for survival / Fighting for living
• Tell the difference / Say the difference between
• With the path / With the aim

Music Vocabulary

Positive Connotations

• Familiar
• Invested
• Has benefits
• Music to my ears
• Boost
• Soothing
• As fit as a fiddle
• Significantly
• Purchase
• Ring a bell
• Factor
• Consultant
• Evidence
• Target customers
• Has an ear for music
• Source
• Chain of shops
• Available
• Crafted

Negative Connotations

• Has a negative attitude
• Don'

Key Characteristics of the Renaissance

• Classical Antiquity as a Model: Art and architecture drew heavily from the models of ancient Greece and Rome.
• Inspiration from Nature: Art was inspired by nature and sought to represent reality with greater accuracy.
• Return to Anthropocentrism: There was a renewed focus on human beings, their potential, and their place in the world.
• Elevated Status of Artists: Artists gained a better social status, achieving fame and recognition for their individual genius.

Italian Renaissance Art and Architecture

Architecture and Its Periods

Renaissance architecture primarily used stone as a building material. It revived Greek and Roman architectonic orders, semicircular arches, and both flat and vaulted roofs. The most celebrated... Continue reading "Renaissance Art: From Italy's Masters to Europe's Golden Age" »

World War II International Pacts and Alliances

The Formation of the Axis Powers

The Axis Powers (initially Italy, Japan, and Germany) were united by common interests in territorial expansion and a shared opposition to Communism. Key agreements included:

• Rome-Berlin Axis: Germany (GER) and Italy (ITA) supported Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War.
• Anti-Comintern Pact: Signed by Germany and Japan (JPN) against Soviet Communism.
• Pact of Steel: A formal military alliance between Germany and Italy. This alliance officially formed the core of the Axis Powers, which Japan joined in 1940.

The German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

The Non-Aggression Pact (Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact) was signed by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union on August 23, 1939. This... Continue reading "World War II Alliances, Nazi Consolidation, and the Rise of Soviet Communism" »