Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Clasificación de las palabras

Según su significado

• Sustantivos: nombran objetos, seres o ideas (ej. libro, árbol, bondad).
• Adjetivos: expresan cualidades (ej. pequeño, frondoso, verde).
• Verbos: establecen acciones, estados o procesos (ej. acompañar, ser, madurar).
• Adverbios: indican circunstancias de lugar, tiempo, modo, etc. (ej. aquí, ahora, lentamente).

Según su forma

• Variables: cambian su forma (ej. ciudad/ciudades, nadaba/nadábamos).
• Invariables: no cambian de forma (ej. por, pero, además).
• Simples: formadas por un solo monema (ej. agua, nube, y, por).
• Compuestas: formadas por más de un lexema (ej. lavaplatos, parachoques).
• Primitivas: no contienen ningún morfema derivativo (ej. casa, perro).
• Derivadas: contienen prefijos, infijos o sufijos

*UNIT.5: *Vocabulary: Paint (pintar), Draw (dibujar), Sketch (boceto), Sculpt (escultura), Sew (coser), Decorate (decorar), Create (crear), Recycle (reciclar), Display (exponer), Portrait (retrato), Exhibition (exhibición), Masterpiece (obra maestra), Wood (madera), Glass (cristal), Cloth (tela), Dress (vestido/vestirse), Write (escribir), Fortunately (afortunadamente), Possible (posible), Expensive (caro), Hear (oir), Start (empezar), Close (cerrar), Eat (comer), Travel (viajar), Incident (hecho), Discard (tirar la basura). *Words To Know.1: Obviously (obviamente), Wrapping (envoltorio), Host (ofrecer), Supposed (suponer (que)), Worth (merecer la pena), Spot (reconocer). *Words To Know.2: Waste (desperdiciar/residuo), Hubcap (tapacubos),... Continue reading "Lengu te,a" »

Understanding Earth's Atmosphere

Atmospheric Composition Evolution

Primitive Atmosphere: Composed of water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, ammonia, methane, and other oxides, but notably *no oxygen*.

Present Atmosphere: Consists of approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon dioxide, water vapor, and trace gases like argon. The ozone layer later formed from oxygen.

Atmospheric Layers (In Order)

• Ionosphere: Temperature around 1,000 ºC.
• Mesosphere: Approximately 40 km thick.
• Stratosphere: Approximately 30 km thick. Temperature increases from 0 ºC at its upper limit to 70 ºC at its lower limit (Note: The original text stated an increase *to* 0ºC, which is inconsistent with standard models; this reflects the general structure).
• Troposphere:

Structure of the Plasma Membrane

Membrane Amphipathic Properties

The plasma membrane is amphipathic:

• Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (repel water).
• Phosphate head groups are hydrophilic (attract water).

Transport Through the Membrane

Factors Affecting Transport

• The concentration of substances.
• The type of molecules.

Transport Mechanisms

Based on these factors, transport can occur by three phenomena:

• Passive transport
• Active transport
• Vesicle-mediated transport

Passive Transport

In passive transport, molecules move down their concentration gradient: from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. The cell does not expend energy; the process occurs spontaneously.

Types of Passive Transport

• Simple diffusion
• Osmosis
• Facilitated diffusion

Simple

Nutrition, Mobility and Cell Characteristics

Nutrition

Nutrition: Variety — plants (autotrophs), animals (heterotrophs).

Mobility

Mobility: Variety — plants (immobile), animals (mobile).

Growth

Growth: Plants (often indeterminate / unlimited), animals (typically determinate / limited).

Cellular Coverings

Cell coverings: Plants: cell wall and cell membrane; Animals: plasma membrane.

Similarities of Living Beings

Similarities: assimilation, sensitivity, autoregulation and reproduction.

Cell Composition and Organelles

Cell composition: Life composed of abundant protoplasm; cells possess a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a nuclear membrane (karyotheca) with a nucleus.

There are a variety of structures in the cytoplasm (organelles): ribosomes, endoplasmic

.All material objects are composed of atoms. An atom consists of a nucleus and a vast region of space outside the nucleus. Electrons are present in the region of space outside the nuclues. Electrons are often removed from and a dded to an atom by normal everyday occurrences. The nucleus contains positively-chargedd protons and nuetral neutrons. These prtons and nuentrons are not removable or disturbable by usual everyday methods. One sure truth of this unit is that the porotn and neutron will remain within the nucleus of the atom.
Methods of charging:-friction:Having an excess of electrons thr rubber ballon is charged negatively.The shortage of electrons on the animal fur leaves it with a positive charge.-Induction: is a very common method of... Continue reading "Basic Principles of Electricity and Atomic Physics" »

7-As nadadeiras dos peixes podem apresentar funções variadas de acordo com adaptações ocorridas ao longo dos tempos. Podem ser usadas para, exceto: Respirar

8- Na reprodução dos vertebrados inferiores, predominam os processos de: Fecundação externa

9-No Aparelho excretor dos peixes, os rins são do tipo: Mesonéfrico

1- Entre os peixes e os primeiros anfíbios foram necessários 40 milhões de anos de lenta e constante evolução.

Todas as alternativas contêm adaptações surgidas durante essa evolução, exceto : Manutenção da pele úmida, Termo regulação.

4- Os únicos animais que apresentam, ao longo da vida, respiração branquial, cutânea e pulmonar são os: Pererecas

7- um animal, vivendo no ambiente terrestre e utilizando a pele... Continue reading "Cola" »

Skeletal System: Functions and Joints

Skeletal System Functions

• Support the body structure.
• Protect vital organs.
• Provide points of attachment for muscles.
• Manufacture blood cells (hematopoiesis).
• Store calcium and phosphorus.

Joints: Connections Between Bones

Joints are places where bones connect. They are classified by the degree of movement they permit:

• Fixed Joints (Synarthroses): Do not permit movement (e.g., skull sutures).
• Slightly Movable Joints (Amphiarthroses): Allow limited movement (e.g., vertebrae).
• Freely Movable Joints (Diarthroses): Allow bone movement in all directions (e.g., knee).

Sensory Receptors and Stimuli Perception

Types of Receptors

• Internal Receptors (Interoceptors): Perceive changes occurring inside the body (e.g., blood pressure,