Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

English Grammar: Tenses and Structures

Past Tense

Simple Past

• A 1.1 will be interviewed, wasn't understood, been estimated, was/has been ordered, had been accused, is alleged
• B 1.will be charged, is being reported, have stolen, is estimated, wasn't expected, had been/was believed
• C 1.was expected, has been demonstrated, is being claimed, will be released, had been suspected, isn't thought

Past Continuous

• A 2.are believed to be discussing, are thought to be, is reported to have cancelled, admitted making up / having made up, apologised for destroying, refused to move, reminds us to change
• B 2.1 is/was known to be, are reported to be holding, are/were thought to have left, (have) advised not going out, confessed to taking, promised to improve, encouraging

Cold War Conflicts

Korean War (1950-1953)

North Korea invaded South Korea. South Korea was supported by the USA, Great Britain, and France. North Korea was supported by China and the USSR. The fighting ended on July 27, 1953, when the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed, resulting in a stalemate. It is the only conflict that persists nowadays.

Vietnam War (1955-1975)

The US feared Vietnam becoming communist, so they invaded. North Vietnam was supported by the USSR and China (communists). South Vietnam was supported by the USA and Australia (anti-communists). Vietnam became communist. This is the only war the USA lost.

Berlin Blockade (1948-1949)

The USSR blocked access to Berlin. West Berlin was capitalist (USA, France, UK), and East Berlin was... Continue reading "Cold War Conflicts: Korea, Vietnam, Berlin & More" »

Cinquecento: Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) produced few works, but of very high quality. His major technical contribution was the sfumato technique, applied in works such as The Last Supper and Mona Lisa.

Michelangelo

Michelangelo (1475-1564) displayed special interest in nudes, movement, variety of poses, drawing, and the depiction of volume. His main work was the series of frescoes in the Sistine Chapel.

Raphael

Raphael (1483-1520) achieved great perfection in drawing, color, and composition. His principal work was The School of Athens.

The Birth of the Baroque

The Baroque arose during the 17th century in response to papal patronage in Rome and spread across the rest of Europe. Artists continued the artistic traditions of the Renaissance.... Continue reading "Renaissance and Baroque Art: Masters and Masterpieces" »

Syllabus

Recall

Live Performances

Audible

Chords

Composes

Jam Session

Playable

Musical Masterpiece

Took Up

Release (Unplugged)

Jingle (Composer)

Lyrics

Tunes

Easy Listening

Gig (Chorus)

Cognitive Benefits

Tone Deaf

Vocals (Conductor)

Background Music

Choir (Deafening)

Acoustic

Airplay

Recorded

Musical Store

Useful Phrases

• To name just a few / Give just a few
• Can well / May well
• Fighting for survival / Fighting for living
• Tell the difference / Say the difference between
• With the path / With the aim

Music Vocabulary

Positive Connotations

• Familiar
• Invested
• Has benefits
• Music to my ears
• Boost
• Soothing
• As fit as a fiddle
• Significantly
• Purchase
• Ring a bell
• Factor
• Consultant
• Evidence
• Target customers
• Has an ear for music
• Source
• Chain of shops
• Available
• Crafted

Negative Connotations

• Has a negative attitude
• Don'

Yeast

Yeast is an unicellular saprophytic fungus present in the air and on the surface of fruit. Yeast causes the spoilage of fruit, jam, honey, and is used in the production of bread, beer, and wine. It feeds on carbohydrate foods, flourishes at 25C-30C, is killed above 60C, requires moisture for growth, can live with or without oxygen, and requires time to grow. It reproduces asexually through budding, where a cell develops a bud, the nucleus moves towards the bud, the nucleus divides in two, a wall develops and divides the bud from the parent cell, and the bud separates from the cell. Yeast has granular cytoplasm, food vacuoles, vacuole, and a cell wall.

Food Preservation

Food preservation involves long term storage, preventing enzyme activity... Continue reading "Food Preservation Methods and Microbial Growth" »

Essential Vocabulary for Enhanced Communication

Dark and Gloomy

Murky: Dark and gloomy, especially due to thick mist.

Charm or Magical Object

Talisman (noun): An object that serves as a charm or is believed to confer magical powers; an amulet, fetish.

Humble Request

Suppliant: Asking humbly and earnestly.

Violent Whirlpool or Situation

Maelstrom (noun): A whirlpool of great size and violence; a situation resembling a whirlpool in violence and destruction.

Expressing Disapproval

Pejorative (adjective): Tending to make worse; expressing disapproval or disparagement.

Social Appropriateness

Propriety (noun): The state of being proper, appropriateness; (plural) standards of what is proper or socially acceptable.

Easily Recognized

Overt (adjective): Open, not... Continue reading "Vocabulary Building: 26 Essential Words for Enhanced Communication" »

Industry

Industry: The economic sector focused on large-scale production of physical goods for industrial processes or consumption.

Historical Development of Industry

Artisanal Labor (Up to the late 18th century)

Skilled craftspeople transformed raw materials into manufactured goods, limited by human capacity. Craftsmen's districts and guilds emerged in major cities.

First Industrial Revolution (Late 18th - Late 19th century)

Coal-fueled, steam-driven machines enabled large-scale manufacturing, particularly in textiles and metal goods, primarily in Great Britain.

Second Industrial Revolution (Late 19th - Late 20th century)

Mass production and assembly lines revolutionized manufacturing. New energy sources like oil and electricity boosted productivity.... Continue reading "Industrial Activities and Transformations" »