Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Architecture

Quattrocento Architecture (15th Century)

Architecture in the Quattrocento sought harmonious spaces based on mathematical and geometrical principles.

Key architects of this period were:

• Brunelleschi, who designed the dome of Florence Cathedral.
• Alberti, who wrote several influential books on architecture.

Cinquecento Architecture (16th Century)

The most significant architectural works were built in Rome, largely due to papal patronage. Buildings became more monumental and strictly adhered to classical architectural orders.

• Bramante designed the most important building of the century: St. Peter's Basilica, and also the Tempietto of San Pietro in Montorio, both located in the Vatican.

Painting

Quattrocento Painting (15th Century)

Painters refined... Continue reading "Renaissance Art & Architecture: 15th & 16th C." »

Key Milestones in Sustainable Development

The Club of Rome (1968)

• Created by scientists, economists, businessmen, and civil servants concerned about the way modern societies were developing their economies.
• "The Limits to Growth" (1972, MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology): This projection for the next 100 years makes clear that our economic model is not sustainable, primarily due to resource depletion and pollution.

First Earth Summit (1972)

As the UN wanted to address environmental problems, they created the Brundtland Commission, which published "Our Common Future" (1987). This report defined "sustainable development" as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their... Continue reading "Sustainable Development Milestones and Energy Sources" »

Introduction

Introduction: Architecture emerged as a powerful tool for social and cultural manipulation during interwar Nazi Germany. How architecture shaped social interactions, constructed identities, and reflected broader cultural values under totalitarian rule (total control of public and private life) is central to understanding the period.

1. Architecture as Propaganda Tool

RC=1938 NRG=1933-1938 Monumental structures like the Reich Chancellery and the Nuremberg Rally Grounds served as symbols of strength and superiority. RC=office of Hitler NRG=Zeppelinfeld Stadium and the Congress Hall were used for rallies and propaganda events. Architecture, coupled with ceremonies, instilled reverence and respect for Nazi ideology and fostered a collective... Continue reading "Nazi Architecture: Social and Cultural Impact" »

To land a job (conseguir trabajo): After months of searching, he finally landed a job as a cashier at the local supermarket.

To be a good fit for something : With his love for numbersand attention to detail, he's good fit for the accounting department.

To get your food in the door : Attending the job fair helped her get her foot in the door at several.

To stay put to sift through (examinarse): He had to sift through a pile of resumes to fins the right candidate for the position

to job hop (cambiar de trabajo): Job hopping can hinder career growth as employers prefer stabillity.

to be on the job hund (buscando trabajo): She's been on the job hund for weeks, applying to every opening she finds.

to fit in (encajar): It took a while, but eventually,... Continue reading "Essential Professional Vocabulary and Career Phrases" »

The Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter cannot be created or destroyed. The number of atoms in the reactants must be the same as the products. Atoms don't appear or disappear, they just rearrange. (Hence why you have to balance out chemical equations)

Balancing Equations

• The subscripts in the chemical formula cannot be changed (The little number beside a formula that is part of it).
• Use coefficients to balance.
• Coefficients multiply the entire compound by that number (4PO = 4P 4O).

Example: N₂+O₂>N₂O = 2N₂+O₂>2N₂O

Balancing Word Equations

• Determine what the reactants and the products are, convert names to chemical formulas. (Individual elements that are diatomic (molecular) will be, S₈, P₄, I₂, Br₂, Cl₂, F₂, O₂, N₂, H₂) If it's not diatomic just

Structure of the Atom

Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons

Protons: Equal to the atomic number

Electrons: Equal to the atomic number

Neutrons: Equal to the atomic mass minus the atomic number

Bohr-Rutherford Diagram

Electron shells: 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32

Counting Atoms

Example 1: Na₂CO₃

• Sodium (Na): 2
• Carbon (C): 1
• Oxygen (O): 3

Example 2: 4Al₂(CO₃)₃

• Aluminum (Al): 4 x 2 = 8
• Carbon (C): 3 x 4 = 12
• Oxygen (O): 9 x 4 = 36
• Total: 56

Ions and Ionic Compounds

Ions are atoms that have either lost or gained electrons. While atoms are neutral, ions are charged particles.

Ionic Compounds are a combination of a cation (positive ion) and an anion (negative ion), typically formed between a metal and a nonmetal.

Example: Calcium Chloride (CaCl₂)

Calcium (Ca⁺²) has a charge of +2,... Continue reading "Structure of the Atom, Chemical Reactions, and Acids and Bases" »

The Enlightenment: The Age of Reason

The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Reason or the Century of the Lights) is understood as an intellectual movement based on a set of philosophical ideas that emphasize trust in reason to solve many of the ills of mankind.

Metaphysics: The Nature of Being

Metaphysics is a traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it. It answers two basic questions: "What is ultimately there?" and "What is it like?" It seeks to understand:

• Existence
• Objects
• Properties

Key Enlightenment Philosophers

Prominent thinkers of this era include:

• Francis Bacon
• René Descartes
• John Locke
• Baruch Spinoza
• Pierre Bayle
• Voltaire
• David Hume
• Cesare Beccaria
• Immanuel Kant
• Sir

Victor's Journey to Geneva and Encounter with the Monster

1. On his journey to Geneva, Victor spent the night in the village of Secheron, but he couldn't sleep.

Victor couldn't sleep, and he decided to go and find the place where William had been murdered. During the storm, he saw a figure standing beside some trees; it was the monster.

Justine's Trial and Conviction

2. Justine defended herself in court.

Justine was called to defend herself. Crying, she told them what she remembered.

But it did no good. The judge had reached his verdict, and Justine had been found guilty. She was sentenced to death and would be executed the next day.

The Monster's Plea and Victor's Reaction

3. The monster raised his hand and began to speak.

Victor was shocked.

The monster... Continue reading "Frankenstein: Key Plot Points and Analysis" »

Spanish American Independence Movements

Stages of Independence

• First Stage: Juntas were established in America, fostering a desire for independence.
• Second Stage: Ferdinand VII refused to grant autonomy to the colonies. Figures like Simón Bolívar, Antonio José de Sucre, and José de San Martín, with support from the USA and UK, led military victories against Spain.
• By 1815, Spain had lost nearly all its American territories.

The Isabeline Period in Spain

Regency Period: Ferdinand VII's Aftermath

• Government was exercised by a regent after the death of her father, Ferdinand VII.

• The First Carlist War

  • The First Carlist War erupted due to disputes over the succession to the throne.
  • Supporters of Don Carlos, primarily absolutists, fought against Isabel'

My Flat in Caranza, Ferrol

I live with my brother in a flat located in Caranza, a district of Ferrol in the north of Galicia. Our flat is in a residential area on the seventh floor.

It is small, featuring a living room, a kitchen, a bathroom, and a bedroom. While I do not have a lot of furniture, I have everything I need.

There is no balcony, but I can see a small park from both the living room and the bedroom. I enjoy living here because it is near my NCO School and it is cheap; I pay 200 per month. However, the flat is quite noisy due to heavy traffic.

My Favorite Room: The Living Room

Located on the seventh floor, the living room is quite large and very bright thanks to two big windows.

Decor and Furnishings

• There are some flowers in a vase on