Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Religion

Jewish Traditions and Observances

Sabbath (Shabbat)

A weekly day of worship and rest, observed from Friday at sundown to Saturday at sundown. The Sabbath meal involves breaking bread, blessing, and sharing wine.

Shabbat Observance

Orthodox Jews who cannot travel to the temple on foot may establish smaller prayer groups when the synagogue is too far to reach.

Shavuot

The Feast of Weeks (Pentecost), commemorating the giving of the Torah and the Ten Commandments to Moses on Mt. Sinai.

Shiva and Kaddish

Shiva involves the Kaddish, a prayer for mourning. It teaches that even when we question God, we continue to offer praise. A Minyan is required to recite the Kaddish:

• Conservative: 10 Jewish adults.
• Reform: 10 people.

The number 10 represents the covenant....

Tariq bin Ziyad

Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād was a Muslim commander who led the Islamic Umayyad conquest of Visigothic Hispania in 711–718 A.D. Under the orders of the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I, he led a large army across the Strait of Gibraltar from the North African coast, consolidating his troops at what is today known as the Rock of Gibraltar.

Treaty of Granada

The Treaty of Granada, signed and ratified on November 25, 1491, between Boabdil (the sultan of Granada), Ferdinand, and Isabella, stipulated the surrender of Granada and its territory by a certain time. The conditions were favorable: The Moors were to keep their religious freedom, their civil laws, and their right to leave the country. They were only required to pay the taxes they previously...

Origins and Beliefs

Rabbinic Judaism, also known as Rabbinism, has been the dominant form of Judaism since the 6th century CE. It emerged from Pharisaic Judaism and is based on the belief that Moses received the Written Torah (Pentateuch) and an oral explanation, known as the Oral Torah, from God at Mount Sinai.

Development and Spread

Rabbinic Judaism gained prominence within the Jewish diaspora between the 2nd and 6th centuries. The development of the oral law and the Talmud allowed for the interpretation of Jewish scripture and the practice of Judaism in the absence of Temple sacrifice and other practices.

Conservative Judaism

Conservative Judaism emerged in 19th-century Germany as a response to the liberal positions of Reform Judaism. It emphasizes...

Act 1 Scene 1: Town's Reaction to the Trial

• Howard and Melinda discuss the theory of evolution, questioning if humans descended from worms.
• Rachel Brown arrives at the courthouse, searching for Bert Cates.
• Rachel attempts to persuade Bert to apologize and retract his statements, suggesting that teaching Darwin's theory of evolution in school was a mistake.
• Townspeople sing hymns to welcome Matthew Harrison Brady to town, celebrating his arrival.

Act 1 Scene 2: Jury Selection and Objections

• The scene opens inside the courtroom, setting the stage for the trial.
• Henry Drummond begins the process of selecting the jury.
• Drummond rejects a potential juror who openly states a belief in the literal interpretation of the Bible, citing potential bias.
• Towards

He descended into hell
between death and resurrection.

Glorified body - perfect and without suffering.

Who’s in hell when Jesus descends? All of the dead souls leading up to Jesus' death.

Why do dead souls go down to hell and not heaven? The gates of heaven are closed; we need someone to reconcile us after original sin came into the picture.

Jesus goes to hell to retrieve the Holy Souls (the people who couldn't enter into heaven because the gates were closed).

Definition of hell: When the souls are deprived of the vision of God.

Hebrew name for hell: Sheol.

Greek name for hell: Hades.

The place in hell for the people who should have gone to heaven but couldn't (before Jesus' death) is called: The bosom of Abraham.

What happens to the souls who are

William Blake: Romantic Poet and Visionary Artist

William Blake (1757-1827) was a prominent Romantic poet and artist. (Note: The original discussion also referenced *Blackadder* series: Middle Ages, Renaissance, Regency, Great Europe.)

Blake's unique perception of God challenged conventional views, portraying a deity that was not always perfect. His work often delves into profound spiritual concepts, as seen in his *Proverbs of Hell*, where the voice of the Devil speaks (p.105).

Blake's "Elohim Creating Adam"

Blake's interpretation of creation, influenced by the *King James Bible* (published 1611), is depicted in his non-realistic painting, characterized by symbolic elements like the sun, planets, clouds, and sunlight. The presence of the snake...

Seljuk Turks

A group who conquered Palestine in 1073 and began to persecute Christians who visited.

Second Crusade

The second crusade was an effort to retake Edessa and was a disaster. It was led by King Louis VII and Emperor Conrad III.

Third Crusade

Led by Richard the Lionhearted, Philip II, and Frederick Barbarossa.

Cathedra

The word for the bishop's chair.

Chancel

The word for the choir area.

Sic et Non

A famous work by Peter Abelard.

Summa Theologica

A 21-volume work by St. Thomas Aquinas.

St. Bonaventure

A saint who distrusted St. Thomas Aquinas's theological system.

Abbot Suger

The person who designed St. Denis Cathedral.

Trivium

Rhetoric, logic, and grammar.

Quadrivium

Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music.

Chartres

The most outstanding example of Gothic...

Psalm 73: Faith, Envy, and the End of the Wicked

Book III of Psalms

A Psalm by Asaph (World English Bible Translation)

1 Surely God^[a] is good to Israel, to those who are pure in heart.

2 But as for me, my feet were almost gone; my steps had nearly slipped. 3 For I was envious of the arrogant, when I saw the prosperity of the wicked.

4 For there are no struggles in their death, but their strength is firm. 5 They are free from the burdens of men, neither are they plagued like other men. 6 Therefore pride is like a chain around their neck; violence covers them like a garment.

7 Their eyes bulge with fat; their minds pass the limits of conceit. 8 They scoff and speak with malice. In arrogance, they threaten oppression. 9 They have set their mouth...