Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Religion

Phase 1: Early Persecution and Expansion

The speech of Stephen before the Sanhedrin unleashed persecution against Christians in the diaspora. Philip was active in Samaria. Another Jew from Tarsus (in the diaspora), who converted to Christianity after a meeting with the risen Jesus, Saul, whose name was changed to Paul, opened Christianity to thinking outside of Israel. The founding of the historic Antioch Church was a first and decisive step towards catholicity (universality). In this city, the disciples of Jesus were first called Christians. The first Jewish Christians practiced many Jewish laws.

Second Stage: Expansion into the Greco-Roman World

In Syria, the first Christian Hellenists formed. Another center was the city of Alexandria, a junction...

Early Christian and Byzantine Art and Architecture

Early Christian art and architecture emerged from the shadows following Constantine's Edict of Milan in 313 CE, which granted religious tolerance throughout the Roman Empire. This period, spanning from the 1st to the 5th century, laid the foundational building types that would define much of the Middle Ages. A fundamental divide marks this architectural evolution:

The Dawn of Christian Art: Before and After the Edict of Milan

Before the Edict of Milan (Pre-313 CE)

During this clandestine period, Christian art remained largely hidden, leading to limited architectural development. Tituli were private homes where the faithful gathered for meetings and Christian celebrations. Catacombs served as secret...

Christianity: Core Beliefs and History

The testimony of the Gospels responds to an intention (the desire to share the conviction of the editors) and a petition (the preachers who had not known Jesus and needed data).

The Concept of God

Christianity holds a belief in a uni-Trinitarian God (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit). God became incarnate in Jesus of Nazareth and is present in the world and among people.

Founder: Jesus of Nazareth

Jesus of Nazareth is considered the Son of God. Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Mary through a miracle of the Holy Spirit. He was born in a manger and spent his childhood in Nazareth. At the age of 30, he was baptized by John the Baptist. During his sermon, he performed many miracles.

The Central Message

God became a human...

Basque Vocabulary Reference

• Opportunity: Period, Distance
• Protective Abaroa: Budget, Shade
• Agidanean: Agidanez, Apparently Dane
• Ahituta: Exhausted, Spent, Repealed by Act
• Onden: Side, Ready, Hazelnut, Paraje
• Massive Flock: Group
• Alkondara: Shirt, Blouse
• Amaixa: Mother, Amaxe, Aube
• Amultsua: Begitartetsua, Maitatia
• Mass: Team, Queue
• Seminar: Seminary
• Foam: Wheel rims
• Port: Atetila, Transit, Bridge, Fence
• Trauskila: Clumsy, Montxo, Hard, Kankailua
• Baretu: Relax, Slow
• Mundila: Buoy, Beacons
• Immense: Never
• Egurastu: Airatu, Haizeberritu, Haizaratu
• Flow: Gift, Contributions, Results, Fruit
• Enpatxu: Barrier, Apology for inconvenience
• Committed: Responsible
• Beherarazi: Demolished, Boot
• Birth: Giving birth to children
• Sara: Seed
• Eriden: Discover
• Erna: Pregnant
• Erraina: Marriage,

The Pentateuch

• Genesis: Creation, the world, humanity, and the people of Israel.
• Exodus: The departure from Egypt led by Moses.
• Leviticus: Laws regarding holiness and worship.
• Numbers: The Israelites' journey through the desert.
• Deuteronomy: Meaning the "Second Law."

Historical Books

• Deuteronomistic History: Contains six books (Joshua, Judges, 1 & 2 Samuel, 1 & 2 Kings) covering the entry into Canaan through the Babylonian exile.
• Chronicles and Post-Exilic Books: 1 & 2 Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah, focusing on the restoration after the Babylonian exile.
• Maccabees: 1 & 2 Maccabees cover 40 years of Jewish history in the second century BC.
• Literary Fiction: Tobit, Ruth, Esther, and Judith are considered literary works for pedagogical

Family: A group of individuals directly linked by kinship ties, whose adult members are responsible for the care of children.

Relationship: Kinship ties are established between individuals through marriage or by linking genealogical lines as blood relatives.

Marriage: A socially approved sexual union between two adult individuals.

Nuclear Family: Two adults living together with biological or adopted children.

Extended Family: Includes the married couple and children, as well as other relatives.

Monogamy: A culturally approved sexual relationship between one woman and one man.

Polygamy: Being married to two or more persons at the same time (concept studied by George Murdock).

Polygyny: One man married to more than one woman at the same time.

Polyandry:

The Sacrament of Forgiveness

Forgiveness means completely giving up your debt and canceling all obligations. It is an attitude and good behavior by which we forget the wrongs done to us and give others another chance. There are two types of wrongs:

• Natural wrongs: These are caused by nature.
• Moral wrongs: These are produced by people due to selfishness, envy, greed, etc.

Confession: This comes from talking and means to recognize, admit, and confess. A penitent Christian confesses their sins.

Reconciliation: This is the behavior of mutual forgiveness between estranged people.

Sprinkling: Sprinkling involves scattering liquid, ash, or dust on a person, object, or place.

Anointing: The anointing is performed on patients in general. Perfumed oil was blessed...

Moral and Religious Literature

During the 14th and 15th centuries, a profound spiritual crisis influenced the evolution of society. Preachers sought to address this shift through evangelization and moral guidance. Three key figures defined this era:

Key Religious Figures

• Francesc Eiximenis: A devout Franciscan friar, bishop, and patriarch who traveled extensively across Europe. His work possessed a clear educational and informational intent, targeting both religious and secular audiences through engaging narratives. Notable works include Llibre de les dones and Llibre dels àngels.
• Vicent Ferrer: A Dominican friar highly influential in the intellectual formation of the Papal Court. He played a significant role in the Compromise of Caspe and the

The Interplay of Faith and Reason

This document explores the scope of reason and how a believer accepts certain truths through an act of faith. These include the Preamble of Faith, which encompasses rationally intelligible and demonstrable truths such as the existence of God and the immortality of the soul.

Philosophy and Theology: Complementary Orders

Faith and reason are complementary. They represent two distinct but harmonious orders:

• The Natural Order: This stems from human reason, leading to the development of philosophy and natural science.
• The Order of Revelation: This comes from divine knowledge, revealing truths beyond the full grasp of reason, which the believer accepts through an act of faith.

Within the order of revelation, we encounter...

Pedro Salinas: Themes and Style

To Salinas, poetry was a way to reach the essence of things and life experiences. His verses recurrently feature two primary topics:

• Love: Not only toward individuals but also toward objects, constituting a search for the central facts of existence, a form of knowledge, and the meaning of life.
• The Search for Permanence: An eagerness for understanding and knowledge, seeking integration between the self and the world.

His work also addresses life as a dream or transcendent aspiration, loneliness, monotony, and the nuances of reality. Salinas's poetic production is divided into three stages:

First Stage: Pure Poetry

Influenced by creationism and Futurism. This period includes Presagios (1923), Seguro azar (1929), and...