Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Religion

Humanism in the 15th and 16th Centuries

Humanism (XV-XVI centuries) emerged in Italy and Europe based on several key principles:

• Man is the center of the universe: Capable of thinking and discovering the world, and therefore free.
• Study of Antiquity: Scholars began to study the texts and writings of classical antiquity, such as the Greeks and Romans (e.g., Aristotle and Plato).
• Invention of the Printing Press: Developed by Johannes Gutenberg, this allowed a great number of works to be published and disseminated.
• Scientific Progress: Many advances were developed in geography, astronomy, zoology, botany, and anatomy.
• Academies and Universities: Representative centers of Humanism spread across Europe, including Bologna, Oxford, and Florence.

The Religious

Structure and Plot of La Celestina

La Celestina is a dialogical work (without voice-over), written in a dramatic style, likely intended to be read aloud rather than performed. The work is divided into twenty-one acts. The first act is of an anonymous author, while the rest were written by Fernando de Rojas, a convert living in Toledo.

Plot Summary

Ramon Llull (13th-14th Centuries)

A preacher, philosopher, missionary, and teacher, Llull utilized narrative (prose and verse, often in Latin and Arabic) for religious propaganda. He is considered one of the creators of Catalan literary prose.

Llullian Ideology and Style

• He used examples of animals and people to ensure understanding, adapting his address to the recipient.
• He did not question the political system, believing the world reflects the heavenly, not the earthly.

Major Works

• Mystical Work: Blanquerna (an autobiographical novel dedicated to religious life, featuring the life of a hermit).
• Philosophical and Doctrinal: Book of the Order of Chivalry.
• Verse: Song of Ramon.

Francesc Eiximenis (14th Century)

Known for works like Lo Crestià and The

Christian Social Teaching: 20th Century Developments

Throughout the twentieth century, new problems arose due to industrial development and the emergence of new socio-economic systems, which were assessed from the Christian principles of the Church.

Content of the Encyclical of Pius XI

Forty years after the publication of Rerum Novarum, Encyclical Pius XI published the "Quadragesimo Anno" (1931) which proposed a new social order away from communism and fascism. It emphasizes the production and organization of capital and labor, advocates the emergence of intermediate systems against socialism and capitalism, and proposed Christian charity for the Christianization of the working masses.

Social Concern During the Pontificate of Pius XII

What Characterized

Stages of Human Development

When life begins:

• Fertilization
• Nesting: 3 or 4 days later
• Organogenesis or cerebral cortex: Second month
• Relatedness: If accepted
• Fetal life: When the fetus can survive outside the womb

Types of Induced Abortion

• Therapeutic abortion: When pregnancy seriously endangers the life or health of the mother.
• Eugenic abortion: When the fetus is expected to have a congenital anomaly or serious malformation.
• Psycho-social abortion: When the continuation of pregnancy creates serious psychological, human, or social burdens for the mother (e.g., economic problems, lack of support, single motherhood).
• Ethical abortion: When the pregnancy is the result of a criminal act, such as rape or incest.

Legislation Regarding Induced Abortion

• Illegal:

The Vatican Council and Modern Initiatives

In the first half of the twentieth century, a series of moves and initiatives raised the need for a council. The most important factors were:

• The revaluation of the Eucharist as the center of Christian life.
• The introduction of missals and biblical translations.
• A resurgence of studies addressing social unrest.
• The emergence of prestigious Catholic intellectuals in the worlds of philosophy and literature.
• The opening of the Church to non-Western cultures.
• The emergence of the laity in the mission of evangelization through the world of work and family.
• The flowering of the ecumenical spirit, as Catholics and believers of other Christian denominations took steps toward unity.

Interior Renovation of the Church

• The

Carols and Passion: The Legend of the Lily

This legend begins in the cave where Mary and Joseph, the parents of Jesus Christ, took refuge. Once Jesus had already been born, a couple with a child came seeking shelter. The child was sick with leprosy, and Mary, moved by compassion, completely cured him of his illness, leaving only a small mark on his skin, silver and white like a lily.

Thirty-three years later, Jesus was tried and sentenced to crucifixion. Beside him, two robbers shared his conviction, one good and one bad. The good robber turned out to be the little boy with leprosy who, years ago, slept in the cave where Jesus was born, as he could still see the mark of the lily upon himself.

The Legend of Sakuntala and the King's Ring

This legend... Continue reading "Ancient Legends of Faith and Eternal Love" »

Christianity Becomes the Official State Religion (380 AD)

In the year 380, Emperor Theodosius issued the Edict of Thessaloniki, making Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. The Church became protected by law and the Emperor. From that moment, the Church became highly influential in social life and politics.

The New Status of the Church and Societal Impact

Protected by the emperors with economic and legal aid, Christianity became deeply integrated into the structures of society:

• The calendar was Christianized: Sunday became the official day off, and important Christian holidays were celebrated.
• Laws contrary to Christian morality were amended: The banning of gladiator fights and infanticide; the death sentence by crucifixion was

The truth of myths is as follows:

• Myths aim to provide a horizon of meaning for building a valid existence. They may offer scientific or historically verifiable truths. For example, the vocation of Mohammed is not only meaningful but also a verifiable historical narrative.
• In the history of religions, myths express sacred truths. Their value depends on how this truth affects those who proclaim or hear it. From this perspective, myths are not formally different from legends or stories. The differences lie in their structure and influence.

Differences Between Myths, Legends, and Stories

Most Important Rituals

• Spells: Their purpose is to avert dangers.
• Rites of Passage: These ensure the future success of important life moments.
• Sacrifice: Individuals

Christianity and Medieval European Society

The Church's Influence in the Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, Christianity was the main religion in Europe. The Church affected all aspects of life. The rites of baptism, marriage, and death were carried out by the clergy.

Christians were expected to attend church and pray daily.

The Church held significant social, political, and economic power:

• Monasteries and bishops owned vast amounts of land.
• The Church employed servants and laborers to manage its properties.
• Farmers paid the tithe, which was a tenth of their harvest, to the Church.
• The Church organized large armies to fight for the religion during the Crusades.

Romanesque Art: Faith and Symbolism

Romanesque art aimed at spreading the religion and connecting... Continue reading "Medieval Art and Faith: Romanesque to Gothic Styles" »