Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Religion

Hinduism

In Hinduism, the concept of God is very important, not as dogma. It has no specific founder and sees no compulsory religious practices. Hindus consider that one should just live in harmony with the dharma of all things. Its origin goes back over 3,000 years. Hindus are not made, but born. Key characteristics include freedom and tolerance. A teacher, or guru, is needed. Hindus believe in reincarnation for release. There are three paths to release:

• Acts: Perfectly fulfilling the duties associated with one's caste.
• Knowledge: Discovering knowledge to achieve the absolute.
• Devotion: The path of goodness and kindness towards a personal God, one of the yogas, which stops all mental activity to calm the spirit itself.

Hindus are organized into...

Hospital Patient Variable Coding and Field Definitions

This document lists corrected and standardized variable coding entries. Spelling, grammar, and capitalization have been corrected without removing any original content. Field lengths and annex references are preserved.

Variable Coding List

1. 1 - The eleventh variable is coded as the NECESSARY CMBD. Codify this variable for a patient in the hospital who enters the waiting list from surgery (LEQ). 1-digit text field.
2. 2 - The variable is coded as PROC_HK. Codify and use the annex to record this variable for a patient admitted to Virgen del Rocío from H. H. Infanta Elena. 5-digit text field. Annex 4 or 5. 02036
3. 3 - The variable is coded as AFILSS. 12-digit text field.
4. 4 - The variable is coded as

Celestina: A Tale of Love, Greed, and Tragedy

Celestina, published in villages in 1499, was written in 21 acts by Fernando de Rojas. Key themes include love, greed that drives servants mad, fortune and blind chance responsible for human tragedy, magic, time, and social upheaval.

Social Context: The Rise of the Bourgeoisie

The old social order, dominated by the nobility, was being replaced by the high bourgeoisie. Traditional feelings of respect and loyalty between masters and servants were giving way to economic relationships. This shift led to the configuration of a new moral code based on individual consciousness and the desire for freedom.

Space and Time in Celestina

The plot unfolds in multiple locations, both interior and exterior. Rojas masterfully...

Key Figures in Medieval Castilian Literature

Alfonso X: Consolidator of Castilian Prose

Alfonso X, known as "the Wise," played a pivotal role in consolidating Castilian prose. His extensive works are generally classified into several categories:

• Historical Works: Including the General History of Spain and the Estoria de España.
• Legal Works: Such as the Setenario Legal and the Siete Partidas (Seven Games).
• Scientific Works: Notably the Tablas Alfonsíes (Alfonsine Tables) and the Libro del saber de astronomía (Book of Knowledge of Astronomy).
• Recreational Works: Including the Libro de ajedrez, dados y tablas (Book of Chess, Dice, and Tables).

Don Juan Manuel: Master of the Exemplum

Don Juan Manuel, nephew of Alfonso X and a distinguished writer, is...

Christianity Becomes the Official State Religion (380 AD)

In the year 380, Emperor Theodosius issued the Edict of Thessaloniki, making Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. The Church became protected by law and the Emperor. From that moment, the Church became highly influential in social life and politics.

The New Status of the Church and Societal Impact

Protected by the emperors with economic and legal aid, Christianity became deeply integrated into the structures of society:

• The calendar was Christianized: Sunday became the official day off, and important Christian holidays were celebrated.
• Laws contrary to Christian morality were amended: The banning of gladiator fights and infanticide; the death sentence by crucifixion was

Biography of St. Teresa of Ávila

Her life spans from her childhood to the founding of the first convent of St. Joseph of Ávila in 1562. It is known that during her childhood, she had a fondness for chivalric romances and the lives of saints. In 1531, her father interned her as a pupil in the Augustinian convent of Santa María de Gracia, but the following year she had to return home due to a serious illness. Determined to take the Carmelite habit against her father's will, in 1535, she left home to go to the Convent of the Incarnation. She received the habit the following year and made her profession in 1537.

Around that time, she entered a period of distress and illness, which lasted until 1542. During these years, she confessed that she learned...

Carols and Passion: The Legend of the Lily

This legend begins in the cave where Mary and Joseph, the parents of Jesus Christ, took refuge. Once Jesus had already been born, a couple with a child came seeking shelter. The child was sick with leprosy, and Mary, moved by compassion, completely cured him of his illness, leaving only a small mark on his skin, silver and white like a lily.

Thirty-three years later, Jesus was tried and sentenced to crucifixion. Beside him, two robbers shared his conviction, one good and one bad. The good robber turned out to be the little boy with leprosy who, years ago, slept in the cave where Jesus was born, as he could still see the mark of the lily upon himself.

The Legend of Sakuntala and the King's Ring

This legend...

René Descartes

Early Life and Education

René Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine, France. He was the son of a member of the lower nobility. At the age of eight, he was sent to the Jesuit college of La Flèche in Anjou, where he remained for eight years. Descartes received a typical classical education, with teachings in mathematics and scholasticism, aiming to guide human reason to understand Christian doctrine. The Catholic doctrine exerted a great influence on Descartes throughout his lifetime.

After concluding his studies at the school, he attended the University of Poitiers, graduating with a law degree in 1616. However, he never practiced law.

Career and Travels

In 1618, he entered the service of Prince Maurice of Nassau, Prince of...

Historical Context: The Religious Monarchies

After the defeat of the Roman Empire, the Church was the only institution that maintained a stable structure of monarchies. By the 12th century, it achieved a unified network of existing fiefdoms, becoming the new point of reference.

The Western Schism and the Universities

The Western Schism occurred in 1378 with the election of two popes. In 1394, Cardinal Benedict XIII of Aragon was elected Pope. The Council of Constance resolved the conflict, deposing two popes and appointing one of concord, but Benedict XIII retired to the castle of Peniscola and did not accept this solution. The Church had become the main center of cultural promotion.

The Role of the Writer

Throughout the Middle Ages, the writer...

Medieval Castilian Literature: Authors and Forms

Gonzalo de Berceo

Gonzalo de Berceo: In Castilian, he is the first poet whose name is known. He wrote works of religious content. The Miracles of Our Lady are stories of miracles that show how the Virgin protects and forgives her devotees, even when they have committed faults.

Don Juan Manuel

Don Juan Manuel: The noble prince, nephew of Alfonso X, is the foremost representative of prose fiction in the 14th century.

The Count collected 51 short stories whose purpose is to teach nobles how to behave in the administration of their land.

They are structured:

• The Count presents a problem to his counselor Patronio.
• Patronio relates a tale relevant to the Count's problem.
• After the tale, Patronio reflects and