Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Religion

The Pentateuch

Pentateuch comes from the Greek language and means, properly, "the book of five cases", that is, the book divided into five cases, consisting of five volumes or rolls. These are: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. It was recognized by Jews as the Torah.

Versions for the creation of the Pentateuch:

• Yahwist: The authors called God by the name of Yahweh.
• Elohist: Called God by the name of Elohim.
• Deuterocanonical version, which enriched the previous two, is at least 400 or 500 years after them.
• The priestly version.

Genesis

It is called so because it describes the origin of the creation of the world and humanity. Indeed, *Genesis* is of Greek origin, meaning *beginning*. It is the first book of the Pentateuch and the... Continue reading "The Pentateuch: First Five Books of the Bible" »

Key Ideas in Nietzsche's Philosophy

Apollonian and Dionysian Forces

The Apollonian (Apollo) represents the Greek ideal of beauty and finished forms, light, harmony, and measurement.

The Dionysian (Dionysus) represents excess and unfinished art, often expressed in music.

For Nietzsche, the philosophy of Plato and Socrates embodies an Apollonian vision of the cosmos.

Nietzsche on Dionysus

For Nietzsche, however, Dionysus is the affirmation of the true character of Greece, with its affirmation of an instinctive, irrational, and vital world.

Dionysus is the god of wine (Bacchus to the Romans), representing the excessive celebration of life, music, confusion, night, irrationality, and bacchanalia. He is a genuine exponent of the real man who does not need... Continue reading "Key Concepts in Nietzsche's Philosophy" »

Religious Situation in Palestine During the Time of Jesus

Faith:

• Yavhé-faith: Belief in one true God (Creator of Heaven and Earth).
• Messianic hope: Expectation of a liberator to free the Jews.
• Fidelity to the law: Faithfulness to the commandments given to Moses.

Practices

The most important obligations of the Jews were:

• Complying with the Law of Moses.
• Praying morning, noon, and night.
• Giving alms to the needy and to the Temple.

Events

• Sabbath (Saturday): The holy day of rest. No work was permitted. People went to the synagogue to pray. It began at the first star on Friday and ended at sunset on Saturday.
• Passover (Easter): Commemorated the deliverance from Egypt.
• Pentecost: Celebrated 50 days after Passover, remembering the covenant at Mount Sinai when

This document explores Jean-Jacques Rousseau's perspectives on the distinction between natural religion and revealed religion, as well as his views on the problem of theodicy.

Natural Religion vs. Revealed Religion

Revelation is understood as a divine manifestation where God reveals and communicates hidden and sacred truths to humanity. All religions founded on some kind of revelation are called **revealed religions**. Rousseau identifies **particularism** as a natural element in any dogmatic expression of revealed religion. Particularism is linked to an intellectualist conception of virtue, requiring knowledge of ritual and fundamental truths. Particularism fosters ethnocentrism, bigotry, and intolerance. Revealed religion is a form of religion... Continue reading "Rousseau's Philosophy of Religion and Theodicy" »

The Sacrament of Forgiveness

Forgiveness means completely giving up your debt and canceling all obligations. It is an attitude and good behavior by which we forget the wrongs done to us and give others another chance. There are two types of wrongs:

• Natural wrongs: These are caused by nature.
• Moral wrongs: These are produced by people due to selfishness, envy, greed, etc.

Confession: This comes from talking and means to recognize, admit, and confess. A penitent Christian confesses their sins.

Reconciliation: This is the behavior of mutual forgiveness between estranged people.

Sprinkling: Sprinkling involves scattering liquid, ash, or dust on a person, object, or place.

Anointing: The anointing is performed on patients in general. Perfumed oil was blessed... Continue reading "Understanding Forgiveness and Anointing Sacraments" »

Understanding Political Power and Legitimacy

Political power is present in all societies, especially those composed of a large number of people. These societies need organization, and an important element of this organization is leadership. This leadership takes the form of a person or group of people who make decisions that must be obeyed. Coercive power is the power of the state to compel by force of law. This power is enforced by law enforcement agencies.

Defining Legitimacy

Legitimacy, in the context of political power, can be understood in three ways:

1. Origin of Power: This refers to the foundation upon which political power rests. It answers the questions: Where does the power to command come from? Why must that command be obeyed? It is equivalent

Is Man a Spiritual Being?

Plato believed that man is a spiritual soul and the body is merely a prison for the soul. Man does not belong to this world of things but to the immaterial world of ideas to which he aspires. "While we have the body, and the soul has been intermingled with such evil, we do not possess enough of what we want, i.e., the truth."

"The body, in fact, brings us countless distractions due to the need for sustenance. Diseases attack us and prevent us from real knowledge of what fills us with loves, desires and fears, all kinds of pictures... Also, war, strife, and battles result from the body and its desires. And is death not a liberation of the soul from the body? So those who philosophize truly prepare for death." - Plato.... Continue reading "Human Nature: Spirit, Dignity, and the Search for Truth" »

The Church's New Situation and Challenges

The evolving landscape presents new challenges to the Church. The convergence of power and political agendas with civil religion risks contaminating its integrity, compromising freedom, and diluting gospel ideals.

Key Church Councils

• Council of Nicaea (325): Condemned Arius' doctrine, affirming Jesus Christ's divinity and equality with the Father.
• Council of Ephesus (431): Addressed Nestorius's teachings, which questioned Christ's divine nature.
• Council of Chalcedon (451): Condemned Eutyches' theory, which asserted the dominance of Christ's divine nature over his human nature.

Influential Church Fathers

The Church Fathers profoundly shaped Christian doctrine and spirituality. They often criticized civil authority'

Saint Augustine of Hippo

Early Life and Conversion

August 28th - Memory of Augustine, Bishop and eminent Doctor of the Church

Saint Augustine of Hippo, after a youth concerned with doctrinal issues and moral freedom, converted to Catholicism and was baptized by Saint Ambrose of Milan. Upon returning home, he joined some friends and adopted an ascetic life dedicated to the study of the Scriptures. Later chosen as Bishop of Hippo in Africa, he served as a model for his flock. He instructed them with abundant sermons and writings, bravely fought against the errors of his time, and illuminated the true faith with wisdom.

The Roman Empire and the Rise of Christianity

The Era of the Roman Empire

• Constantine's Reign: Constantine served as governor of the

Can We Know God?

The first question to consider is whether you believe God exists and if we can perceive the impact of the divine on humanity.

We can understand God through the following avenues:

1-1 The Human Being

Men and women grapple with disease, pain, and mortality, striving for happiness. Within this desire for happiness, religions often find the imprint of God.

1-2 Nature

Throughout history, people have recognized the beauty of Earth's creation and the wonders that occur within it, seeking answers and contemplating whether a purposeful God could have created everything.

1-3 Human Reason

Human beings have found the following reasons to believe in God:

• Through the voice of conscience.
• In seeking answers to questions such as: Why do good? Is death