Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Religion

Justice

The cardinal moral virtue that compels us to render to God and our neighbors what is rightfully theirs.

Common Good

The sum total of social conditions that enable individuals and groups to flourish and reach their full potential.

Social Sin

The impact of individual sins on society, creating structures that perpetuate injustice.

Social Teaching

The branch of Catholic theology that applies the Gospel message to social, political, and economic issues.

Natural Law

Inherent moral principles accessible to human reason, reflecting our God-given nature.

Solidarity

The virtue of social charity, friendship, and responsibility, recognizing our interdependence.

Stewardship

The responsible use of God's gifts, including the care for creation.

Subsidiarity

The principle... Continue reading "Essential Catholic Social Teaching Terms" »

Dr. Cover's Rationales for the Four Gospels

Humanistic Rationale

It's impossible to capture the fullness of a person in a single portrayal. Each Gospel offers a unique perspective on Jesus, highlighting different aspects of his life, teachings, and personality.

Historical Rationale

Memories and interpretations of events vary within different communities. The Gospels reflect the diverse experiences and understandings of early Christian groups.

Theological Rationale

The number four holds symbolic significance. Just as there are four living creatures in Revelation 4:6-8, the four Gospels offer four distinct testimonies to Jesus's existence and significance.

The Apostle Paul

Uniqueness of Romans

Unlike other letters written to existing congregations, Paul... Continue reading "Understanding Early Christianity: Gospels, Paul's Letters, and the Trinity" »

Who Were Lady Julian of Norwich and St. Thomas Aquinas?

Their Theological Approaches

Lady Julian of Norwich, an English theologian, likened divine love to motherly love.

St. Thomas Aquinas, an Italian priest, viewed theology as a science. He believed its raw data consisted of written scripture and church tradition.

Ancient Christian Martyrdom

The First Christian Martyr

St. Stephen is often considered the first Christian martyr.

Literary Patterns in Early Christian Martyrdom Accounts

Early Christian martyrdom accounts emerged as a response to Roman persecution, primarily in two forms:

• Apologies: Defenses of the Christian faith.
• Passio/Martyrium: Narratives of martyrs' lives and deaths.

These texts often drew parallels to Christ's Passion, portraying martyrs'... Continue reading "Christian Martyrdom: Past and Present" »

Humanism: The Intellectual Movement of the Renaissance

Humanism was an intellectual and artistic movement that developed in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. Humanist philosophy became widespread due to the invention of the printing press.

Key Characteristics of Humanism

• Interest in Classical Culture: Classical Greek and Roman culture and philosophy served as the primary reference for intellectual and artistic activity.
• Anthropocentrism: Humanists placed human beings at the center of philosophical reflection and artistic creation, abandoning theocentrism to explain reality without relying solely on religion.
• Optimism and Creativity: They shifted their focus toward achieving a better life in this world rather than focusing exclusively on

What They Mean by Original Sin

The concept of original sin suggests that everyone is born with a predisposition towards wrongdoing, a desire for temporary pleasure or fulfillment. This inclination, while often diminishing with maturity, leaves a lasting impact on the human psyche. Consequently, our actions, purpose, and intentions become central to our moral compass.

St. Augustine's Perspective on Desire and Evil

St. Augustine, reflecting on his own youthful temptations, recognized a connection between desire and moral evil. Inspired by the simple life and virtuous intentions of St. Antony, he underwent a personal transformation, aspiring to become a better person.

Four Sources of Theology

Christian theology draws upon four key sources:

Scripture

This... Continue reading "Exploring the Sources of Christian Theology and the Nature of Sin" »

Principles for Christians Reading the Bible Together

Understanding Yourself and Others

• Every Christian must determine the context from which he or she speaks.
• Every Christian should recognize which theological orientation to the Bible is most natural.
• Patience and tolerance are needed to dialogue with those who approach the Bible in a different manner.

Working Responsibly with Ancient Customs and Beliefs

• Recognize that ancient Israelite society, as well as Greco-Roman society, were very different from our modern society.
• To understand these differences well, it may involve seeking additional knowledge beyond what we initially bring to the text.

The Three "C"s of Interpretation

Dialogue is enhanced if we commit ourselves to the three “C”s of interpretation:... Continue reading "Bible Interpretation: Principles for Christians" »

Historical Contexts of the Bible

A) Old Testament Origins

• Geographical Region: Ancient Near East
• Dates: 1000–150 BCE
• Languages Used: Hebrew and Aramaic
• Writing Materials: Scrolls and parchments
• Sources: Oral tradition, prophecy, legal, and liturgical materials

B) New Testament Origins

• Geographical Region: Greco-Roman world
• Dates: Mid-1st to early 2nd century CE
• Language: Greek
• Writing Materials: Papyrus and codex
• Sources: Oral traditions, Old Testament, apostolic writings, and liturgical materials

The Biblical Apocrypha

The term Apocrypha denotes a collection of ancient books found in some editions of Christian Bibles, typically placed in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments or as an appendix. Some Christian churches include these texts... Continue reading "Historical Origins and Canonization of the Bible" »

3 Treasures

• Compassion: groundbreaking responsibility to take care of others and care about others
• Frugality: being conscious and mindful of spending
• Humility: only humble people are generous and compassionate

Amaterasu

Sun goddess, her grandson becomes the 1st emperor of Japan, the imperial court lives on to be divine, Japanese flag is the sun, emperors are gods

Analects

Selected writings of Confucianism, discussed the Chun-tzu (superior man) which stated that leaders must be chosen by virtue and not just family name or appointment; small men are self-serving and have no accountability

Ancestor Veneration

A religious practice based on the belief that deceased family members have a continued existence, that the spirits of deceased ancestors will look... Continue reading "Ancient Japanese Culture and Beliefs: An Overview" »

Understanding the Old Testament Prophets

Major and Minor Prophets

Major: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel.

Minor: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi.

What is a Prophet?

A prophet is a messenger of God, a close advisor to the king, true to the Torah, an advocate for the people and God, and an agent of God, a truth-teller.

A prophet is not a fortune teller, a perfect believer, or a prognosticator/predictor of the future.

Superpowers and Empires During the Time of the Prophets

Persia, Egypt, Babylon, Assyria, Rome, Greece (these empires affected the Israelites).

Prophetic Actions

• Isaiah: Walked around naked for 3 years, symbolizing the people would be carried away naked, or without defense.
• Jeremiah:

Moksha, Atman, Brahman and Samsara

Moksha

Moksha — means liberation. Path of renunciation (what people really want). Being, knowledge, joy.

Atman and Brahman

Atman (hidden self) — Brahman (creator). We must cleanse ourselves of pain, frustration, boredom to find this already divine, existing nature. We are seeking this eternal truth.

Sanatana Dharma

Sanatana Dharma — (external truth). See Sanatana Dharma. Set of duties / religious practices:

• Honesty
• Do not injure living beings
• Purity
• Goodwill
• Mercy
• Patience
• Self-restraint
• Generosity

Raja Yoga

Raja Yoga — realization of Brahman through psychophysical exercise. Takes determination and consistent practice. Use the mind to go to a higher level. A form of meditation. Buddha sat under the Bodhi tree / remained... Continue reading "Moksha, Atman, Brahman and Samsara: Hindu-Buddhist Concepts" »