Humanism and the Rise of Authoritarian Monarchies

Humanism: The Intellectual Movement of the Renaissance

Humanism was an intellectual and artistic movement that developed in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. Humanist philosophy became widespread due to the invention of the printing press.

Key Characteristics of Humanism

• Interest in Classical Culture: Classical Greek and Roman culture and philosophy served as the primary reference for intellectual and artistic activity.
• Anthropocentrism: Humanists placed human beings at the center of philosophical reflection and artistic creation, abandoning theocentrism to explain reality without relying solely on religion.
• Optimism and Creativity: They shifted their focus toward achieving a better life in this world rather than focusing exclusively on Heaven, leading to numerous new inventions.
• The Desire for Knowledge: Driven by great intellectual curiosity, they sought to learn about everything to become a Renaissance Man.
• Critical Thinking: Moving away from knowledge based solely on sacred texts and tradition, they explained natural phenomena through:
  • Individual reflection: Using reason.
  • Extensive studies: Conducting research.
  • Practical demonstrations: Utilizing experimentation.
• The Use of Vernacular Languages: They began to replace Latin with the languages spoken in their respective countries.

The Rise of Authoritarian Monarchies

At the end of the 15th century, authoritarian monarchies were established on the Iberian Peninsula, as well as in England and France.

The Dynastic Union of Castilla and Aragón

Isabella I of Castilla and Ferdinand II of Aragón married in 1469. Isabella was the half-sister of Henry IV. Following Henry's death in 1474, a civil war (1474–1479) broke out between:

• Isabella: Supported by Aragón.
• Joanna la Beltraneja: Daughter of Henry IV, supported by Portugal.