Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Psychology and Sociology

The Partner Perspective in Sports: Empirical Science and Society Studies

This collection series examines the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and independent American and former French colonies. It explores the development of the 19th century, including societal changes like technological advancements, transportation, demographic growth, social mobility, and bureaucratization. Modern sports are a parallel phenomenon to social development, culture, and globalization. Distinct dimensions of sociology are considered:

• Functional (organic): Society as an interconnected system.
• Marxist: Focuses on the struggle between different interest groups.
• Figurative: Examines how conduct is regulated.
• Structuralism: Analyzes social classes.
• Symbolic

Understanding Affectivity

Affectivity is a set of emotions, feelings, and passions that individuals experience internally in response to thoughts, events, or during their lifetime.

Characteristics of Affectivity

• They are natural, subjective, and often difficult to communicate fully. All individuals experience affectivity, which is expressed verbally and through gestures.
• Affectivity oscillates between opposing poles, such as joy and sorrow, attraction and rejection, pleasure and displeasure.

Its external manifestations are evident in an individual's demeanor. For example, if love is the dominant affect in a subject's life at a specific moment, it reflects joy, optimism, and enthusiasm for change. If that love is unrequited, it shows decline, pessimism,... Continue reading "Understanding Affectivity: Emotions, Feelings, and Passions in Psychology" »

Corporate Image and Service Quality

The concept of corporate image is closely tied to the perceived quality of service provided. Given the strong competition among companies today to meet various customer needs, there is growing interest in projecting a positive image.

Types of Organizational Communication

Downward Communication

In organizational structures, this category signifies that informational communication flows from a higher authority to a lower one. Therefore, it serves to issue directives from superiors to subordinates.

Upward Communication

This type of communication is the opposite of the previous one. It enables information from subordinates to reach superiors or the administration.

Lateral Communication

Also called horizontal communication,... Continue reading "Corporate Image and Communication Dynamics" »

Miller and Mowrer's Theory

They maintain that while painful stimulation motivates escape behavior after a harmful experience, anxiogenic stimuli stand between the individual and the harmful situation, serving as a protective barrier in space and time.

Miller goes on to say that anxiogenic stimuli may become independent of their original position, thereby gaining autonomy and becoming automated, so that anxiety transforms from an adaptive situation into a pathological situation.

Mandler's Theory

He maintains that anxiety is caused by the disruption of behavioral processes. He does not explain this process as a barrier or obstacle to behavior. According to his theories, the process would involve the following steps:

1. Behavioral disruption leads to

Understanding Organizational Culture

Culture encompasses the fundamental assumptions shared by members of a community. These presumptions, shared thoughts, meanings, and values create a backdrop for action, often taken as obvious and undisputed.

Key Components of Culture

Analyzing culture involves understanding its components and defining features that make it unique:

• Appearance: Fixed aspects of organization and decoration, including the structuring of space.
• Patterns of Behavior: Systematic collective life within the organization.
• Language: Use of metaphors, stories, legends, and myths.
• Implicit Rules: Unwritten norms and standards governing conduct.
• Values: Used to judge facts, actions, and people.
• Assumptions: Basic beliefs shared by members of

The Science of Administration

Administration is a factual science focused on organizations. It involves specific techniques and methods to achieve operational efficiency.

It encompasses principles, standards, and procedures for effective organizational management. Beyond explaining organizational behavior, administration provides rules, norms, and procedures to operate and transform organizations.

The Need for Administration

Administration is a natural and essential aspect of all human organizations. Historically, organizations have required control over activities like accounting, finance, and marketing. Effective decision-making is crucial for achieving goals efficiently. Therefore, organizations develop strategies and methods to facilitate... Continue reading "Science and Technology in Administration" »

Research Methodologies in Communication

Data Collection Methods

Field Work

Advantages: Rich, deep, flexible insights into real-life situations.

Limitations: Limited generalizability due to small community focus.

Surveys/Polls

Advantages: Large sample sizes, easy quantification and comparison, facilitates data analysis.

Limitations: Limited qualitative information, potential for dishonesty, lack of flexibility and nuance, superficial insights.

Laboratory Experiments

Advantages: Replicable, controlled variables, easy generalization.

Limitations: Artificial setting, difficult extrapolation to real life, potential for experimental bias.

Life Stories/Interviews

Advantages: Rich, in-depth information, allows study of evolving actions and beliefs, close to everyday... Continue reading "Communication Synergies & Intercultural Communication" »