Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Psychology and Sociology

Human Behavior: Understanding Our Responses

The environment affects us, moving us inwardly. We not only react with sadness and joy but also participate by responding in directly palpable ways. *Behavior* is the manner in which we react to observable reality.

Inherited vs. Learned Behavior: A Core Distinction

We define behavior as the observable reactions an individual has to a stimulus, whether internal or external.

What differentiates *behavior* is that these reactions can be observed, tested, and analyzed by anyone. For example, everyone can see when I cover my eyes with glasses, but no one can know what I think. This highlights the main difference between observable behavior and internal thought processes.

Instinctive Behavior: Innate Responses

Instinctive... Continue reading "Human Behavior: Instincts, Learning, and Adaptive Responses" »

The Body, Performance, and Social Control in Athletics

Body Transformations and the Instrumental Relationship

The transformations considered by their relationship with the instrumental use of the body can be divided into three categories:

• Therapeutic
• Non-therapeutic
• Flattering (performance enhancement)

It is crucial to recognize the fine line between drug therapy used when an athlete is sick and assistance that merely flatters or enhances performance.

The Body as an Instrument of Social Action

The body, as an instrument of action on human society, utilizes various techniques. All techniques of the body may be subject to considerations that interpret them as repressive actions on the individual.

Techniques of the body that require adaptation, such as... Continue reading "Analyzing Body Techniques, Performance Enhancement, and Gender Barriers in Sports" »

Significat de Persona segons Ciceró

Ciceró defineix el terme "persona" de diverses maneres:

• La que es mostra als altres (màscara).
• El paper que es juga a la vida social (rol com a actor).
• El conjunt de qualitats personals que capaciten per a una tasca (qualitats psicològiques internes).
• El prestigi i la dignitat.

Caràcter

És el conjunt de preocupacions ètiques amb el desig de fer o deixar de fer coses sota regles establertes socialment. Per tant, és l'adherència de la persona als valors i costums de la societat en què viu.

Temperament

S'ha entès com l'herència biològica rebuda. Segons Millon, es descriu com: "El material biològic des del qual finalment emergeix la personalitat". La conjunció del temperament i el caràcter forma l'estructura... Continue reading "Conceptes Fonamentals de la Personalitat: Ciceró, Freud i Rogers" »

Motor Development

Physical and motor development is an ongoing process. Growth, along with the development and maturation of the central nervous system (CNS), results in improved coordination and body control. This motor development fuels psychomotor development, a cyclical process where motor and intellectual development are intertwined. During this stage, children acquire and refine various skills.

Intellectual Development

According to Piaget, this stage is marked by concrete operational thought. Children begin using symbols for mental operations, shifting from physical activities to mental ones. They develop a curiosity about the "why" behind things. Their skills in sorting, handling numbers, ordering, and classifying objects improve.

Fundamental

Selection: Choosing the Right Candidates

The selection phase aims to narrow down the pool of applicants and identify the most suitable candidates for the position. This is where the decision is made on who to hire.

Selection Criteria Requests

a) Background Check

This involves verifying the applicant's information through various documents, including:

• Personal information: Certificate of background, affiliation extract
• School Background: Studies Certificate, certificate of title, certificate of training
• Work History: Recommendations, AIA certificates issued
• Business Background: DICOM

b) Interview

The interview is a crucial step in the hiring process, where candidates are assessed in person. There are three main types of interviews:

• Structured interview:

Key Concepts in Developmental Psychology and Support

Sensorimotor Intelligence

A problem-solving ability where interventions in cognitive development should incorporate practical proposals from the recipient's motor development, as these two areas are intertwined during this period.

Direct Observation Methods

Observation occurring naturally in daily life.

Indirect Observation Techniques

Useful for observing processes when natural, daily observation is not feasible. This involves audio or video recordings, always with family consent.

Temporary Support

Support not always required, or short-term. The intensity can vary from high to low.

Limited Intermittent Support

Support that can be longer or shorter in duration, but is intermittent.

Extensive Support

Generally... Continue reading "Essential Concepts in Developmental Support" »

Unit 5: Personality and Socialization

Concept of Socialization

Socialization is the incorporation of a subject's culture, which exists insofar as it has been acquired by individuals in a group or society.

According to Rocher:

Socialization is the process whereby individuals learn and internalize socio-cultural factors from their environment throughout their lives. These factors integrate into the structure of their personality, influenced by social experiences and significant actors, leading to adaptation within their social environment.

Cases of Failed Socialization

A wild child, for example, is someone who enters human social life late, hindering the learning of basic behaviors and habits, despite the absence of birth defects. They often exhibit... Continue reading "Personality, Socialization, and Social Control" »

Feuerstein's Instrumental Enrichment Program (IE)

Features and Conceptual Framework

The core concept is that human beings have the ability to modify their cognitive structure. Key features of the program include:

• The program requires both students and a facilitator (teacher).
• It is aimed at individuals with cognitive challenges, cultural disadvantages, or learning difficulties.
• It consists of a series of activities, tasks, and problems designed to improve a subject's cognitive functioning.
• Instruction is individualized, allowing each child to learn at their own pace.
• The program's instruments should be presented as part of the school curriculum.
• It is used with subjects having an IQ between 40 and 90.
• It is usually applied in the classroom as a supplementary

f) Take into consideration the multiplicity of perspectives and actors that exist in the social space in which we intervene.
The challenge of community work is based on the plurality of points of view and try a form of intervention that seeks to recognize the explanations of the situations that perform the various subjects (the people, politicians and professionals).

g) Recognize the existence of diversity and plurality within the profession itself.
Subjects with ideological content (crime, drugs, immigration, poverty, etc..) Raise different positions and / or divergent in practice.

h) At present the concept of community development is being replaced by social development.
For social development, understand the processes of hatching and revitalization... Continue reading "Social Development and Community Work: Perspectives and Objectives" »

Theories Based on Entrepreneurial Personality Traits

• Theory of Employer Benefit

  This theory is based solely on the propensity for or aversion to risk. Individuals with risk aversion prefer stable jobs, while others take more risks.

• Schumpeter's Theory

  The entrepreneur is defined as an innovator—a person who carries out new combinations of the means of production.

• Theory of Personality Traits

  Focuses on identifying the personal characteristics or attributes of the entrepreneur.

• Kirzner's Theory

  The entrepreneur is characterized by their ability to identify business opportunities.

Socio-Cultural and Institutional Theories

• Theory of Marginalization

  Individuals decide to create their own company to break with a previous way of life. The creation of a business