Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Psychology and Sociology

Selection: Choosing the Right Candidates

The selection phase aims to narrow down the pool of applicants and identify the most suitable candidates for the position. This is where the decision is made on who to hire.

Selection Criteria Requests

a) Background Check

This involves verifying the applicant's information through various documents, including:

• Personal information: Certificate of background, affiliation extract
• School Background: Studies Certificate, certificate of title, certificate of training
• Work History: Recommendations, AIA certificates issued
• Business Background: DICOM

b) Interview

The interview is a crucial step in the hiring process, where candidates are assessed in person. There are three main types of interviews:

• Structured interview:

Key Concepts in Developmental Psychology and Support

Sensorimotor Intelligence

A problem-solving ability where interventions in cognitive development should incorporate practical proposals from the recipient's motor development, as these two areas are intertwined during this period.

Direct Observation Methods

Observation occurring naturally in daily life.

Indirect Observation Techniques

Useful for observing processes when natural, daily observation is not feasible. This involves audio or video recordings, always with family consent.

Temporary Support

Support not always required, or short-term. The intensity can vary from high to low.

Limited Intermittent Support

Support that can be longer or shorter in duration, but is intermittent.

Extensive Support

Generally... Continue reading "Essential Concepts in Developmental Support" »

Unit 5: Personality and Socialization

Concept of Socialization

Socialization is the incorporation of a subject's culture, which exists insofar as it has been acquired by individuals in a group or society.

According to Rocher:

Socialization is the process whereby individuals learn and internalize socio-cultural factors from their environment throughout their lives. These factors integrate into the structure of their personality, influenced by social experiences and significant actors, leading to adaptation within their social environment.

Cases of Failed Socialization

A wild child, for example, is someone who enters human social life late, hindering the learning of basic behaviors and habits, despite the absence of birth defects. They often exhibit... Continue reading "Personality, Socialization, and Social Control" »

Feuerstein's Instrumental Enrichment Program (IE)

Features and Conceptual Framework

The core concept is that human beings have the ability to modify their cognitive structure. Key features of the program include:

• The program requires both students and a facilitator (teacher).
• It is aimed at individuals with cognitive challenges, cultural disadvantages, or learning difficulties.
• It consists of a series of activities, tasks, and problems designed to improve a subject's cognitive functioning.
• Instruction is individualized, allowing each child to learn at their own pace.
• The program's instruments should be presented as part of the school curriculum.
• It is used with subjects having an IQ between 40 and 90.
• It is usually applied in the classroom as a supplementary

f) Take into consideration the multiplicity of perspectives and actors that exist in the social space in which we intervene.
The challenge of community work is based on the plurality of points of view and try a form of intervention that seeks to recognize the explanations of the situations that perform the various subjects (the people, politicians and professionals).

g) Recognize the existence of diversity and plurality within the profession itself.
Subjects with ideological content (crime, drugs, immigration, poverty, etc..) Raise different positions and / or divergent in practice.

h) At present the concept of community development is being replaced by social development.
For social development, understand the processes of hatching and revitalization... Continue reading "Social Development and Community Work: Perspectives and Objectives" »

Theories Based on Entrepreneurial Personality Traits

• Theory of Employer Benefit

  This theory is based solely on the propensity for or aversion to risk. Individuals with risk aversion prefer stable jobs, while others take more risks.

• Schumpeter's Theory

  The entrepreneur is defined as an innovator—a person who carries out new combinations of the means of production.

• Theory of Personality Traits

  Focuses on identifying the personal characteristics or attributes of the entrepreneur.

• Kirzner's Theory

  The entrepreneur is characterized by their ability to identify business opportunities.

Socio-Cultural and Institutional Theories

• Theory of Marginalization

  Individuals decide to create their own company to break with a previous way of life. The creation of a business

Concept of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse refers to the modification of behavior that conditions continued drug use. There are two main types:

• Psychological Dependence: This is characterized by an obsessive concern with obtaining and consuming drugs. Individuals experience pleasure in using drugs and anguish at the thought of not being able to obtain them. This creates a habit of taking drugs that is perceived as necessary for their well-being.
• Physical Dependence: This involves measurable and reproducible physiological changes that occur due to chronic exposure to a drug. These changes become apparent when drug use is abruptly stopped.

Several variables influence the initiation and continuation of drug dependence:

• Substance-Related Factors: Availability,

Mosston's Spectrum of Teaching Styles

The spectrum is a unified theory of teacher behavior and student learning, a complete structure for understanding the processes of teaching and learning. The structure of the spectrum comes from the premise: instruction is a decision-making chain. Each teaching act is the result of a previous decision.

1. Focus on Teaching Behavior: The spectrum focuses on what the teacher says and does with students. The teacher's behavior creates the learning environment and influences student responses.
2. Teaching Style vs. Personality: A teaching style is about the teacher's behavior in class, not personality or philosophy. Teachers can learn to use all teaching styles effectively. Mastering more styles makes a teacher more

1. Types of Emergencies

A. Crisis

A crisis involves frail and troubled circumstances, stemming from internal or external sources, that disrupt a system's balance and normalcy, leading to disorganization.

B. Accident

An accident affects a specific segment of the population, easily defined by a nominal variable (e.g., car occupants, event attendees, building tenants). The broader community remains unaffected, and response systems can act freely.

C. Disaster

A disaster indiscriminately affects everyone, disrupting daily life. Examples include a nuclear power plant leak, a toxic cloud, or widespread flooding. Institutional response systems may also be affected but can still potentially help.

D. Catastrophe

A catastrophe is an unexpected event affecting... Continue reading "Emergency and Disaster Management: A Comprehensive Guide" »

An Anthropological View of Human Culture

The fundamental difference between animal and human culture is the complexity of human cultural productions and the capacity for accumulation facilitated by language. Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, science, art, law, morality, and all those customs, habits, and attitudes that a person acquires as a member of a society.

Characteristics of Human Culture

• Culture is a complex whole, a set of interrelated elements of different natures.
• Culture transcends the organic; humans broaden their biological survival capabilities through culture.
• Culture is a social product, emerging from a network of social relations.

Understanding Cultural Identity

Cultural identity is the set of common characteristics... Continue reading "Human Culture, Learned Behavior, and Classical Conditioning" »