Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Psychology and Sociology

Sigmund Freud: Life, Theory, and Impact

Sigmund Freud was born in Freiberg, Moravia (now Příbor, Czech Republic). At the age of four, his family moved to Vienna, where he would later begin his studies, initially focusing on medicine and then specializing in psychiatry. Freud developed a profound interest in understanding human behavior. In 1885, he moved to Paris to further his studies, where he met Dr. Jean-Martin Charcot, who introduced him to the technique of hypnosis. A year later, upon returning to Vienna, Freud briefly collaborated with Josef Breuer, a psychiatrist. In 1938, with the rise of Hitler and due to his Jewish heritage, Freud was forced to emigrate to London, where he resided until his death. Freud was convinced that many widely... Continue reading "Sigmund Freud: Core Ideas in Psychoanalysis" »

SOL.I

1. The Rise in Birth Trauma

Delay in the acquisition of reading, difficulty in perceptual skills, and social skills stumble on.

2. The Child Linked to Thought

The real, present, and concrete.

3. Considering Earlier Stages

A subject does take into account the earlier stages in future stages: the stage of concrete operations.

4. Language Acquisition in Children

The language in children is acquired by vicarious learning.

5. Product Symbols

The integration of F(x) and capacities, skills of imitation, competence, capacity analysis, and attraction of the properties of the targets.

6. The Principle of Transitivity

To know the relation between two objects and knowing the relation of these with a third object.

7. Internalized Mental Actions

Organized operations.... Continue reading "Understanding Child Development: Key Concepts and Stages" »

Learning is the process through which they acquire new abilities , skills , knowledge , behavior or values ​​as a result of the study , the experience , the instruction , reasoning and observation .

Learning Laws
1 .- Law of Preparation: When a tendency for action is activated by adjustments, provisions and attitudes high schools, etc, the implementation of the action likely to prove successful, and failure, annoying. Preparation means then, prepare for action: the body adjusts to prepare to act, such as the animal prepares to pounce on prey.
2.-Law for the year: The connections are strengthened through practice (law ​​of use) and weak or forget when practice is discontinued (law ​​of disuse). The strength of a habit or connection

Notions of Psychology

Definition: Etymologically, the word psychology is of Greek origin, derived from the substantive psyche = soul, and logos = reason, science, pensamiento. Originally, the "object of study is the soul."

Conceptual Definition: Psychology is the science of the mind and its processes.

Importance of Psychology Today

Today, psychology has experienced a major development and expansion. As a science that studies man, applications can be found in any field of human activity.

Its history dates back to the era of ancient Greece. Aristotle wrote a philosophical treatise entitled "About the Soul," but it is from the nineteenth century, according to positivist principles, that it has experienced rapid development.

"Positivism is a philosophical... Continue reading "Understanding Psychology: Concepts and Fields" »

Memory: The ability to record, store, and recall experiences (information, ideas, images, feelings). It is a major human function resulting from complex connections between neurons. These connections allow humans to process past situations. Memories begin when an efficient neuronal circuit strengthens the synapse.

Basic Principles:
- Encoding: Converting information into a storable and retrievable form.
- Storage: The capacity to retain information over time.
- Retrieval: Accessing stored information.

Types of Memory:
* Sensory Memory: Retains information for 1-2 seconds until processed. For example, a flash of light allows us to be aware of visual sensory memory. We see things instantly, then study the image left behind. The two most important... Continue reading "Human Memory: Types, Functions & Processes" »

Durkheim's Suicide: A Sociological Theory

Introduction

Sociology aims to develop theories about social reality through a set of logically integrated, mutually causal propositions with a minimum degree of validity. These theories propose causal explanations for the phenomena they address. Durkheim's work on suicide, published in 1897, exemplifies a middle-range theory. He examined a limited phenomenon—suicide—and interpreted it sociologically.

Durkheim's Approach

For a sociological interpretation, Durkheim excluded individual psychological elements and extrasocial influences related to suicide. He also disregarded factors like "suggestibility" and "imitation." He argued that the causes of suicidal tendencies within a society reside in the... Continue reading "Durkheim's Suicide: A Sociological Perspective" »

Psychological Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence

Childhood Mental Health Conditions

Childhood Depression

Unlike depression in adults, childhood depression manifests differently. Symptoms often include low school performance, irritability, and restlessness.

Adaptive Difficulties in Children

Difficulties in adapting to new situations, often resulting in behavioral changes, can occur following external changes such as parental separation or divorce.

Childhood Behavioral Issues

Behavioral issues are common forms of expression in children. These manifestations can be generalized or situational.

Common Childhood Fears and Anxieties

• Age 4: Fears often include the dark, being alone, imaginary beings, animals, and natural elements like thunder.
• Age 8: Fears

The Hypothetical-Deductive Method: Core Principles

The method of experimental science is called the hypothetical-deductive method. (From Greek 'meta-odos', meaning 'the way after' or 'pursuit of a path'.) The main element of this method is the hypothesis. A hypothesis is a general statement that establishes a causal relationship between two types of natural phenomena that are linked or associated. For example: "Whenever A appears, B will always follow."

This type of relationship establishes a universal and necessary causal connection. For example, "All bodies are attracted to the Earth with an acceleration of 9.8 m/s²" is a hypothesis.

Formulating Predictions

Once a hypothesis is formulated, we proceed to make a prediction. A prediction is a statement... Continue reading "Scientific Inquiry: The Hypothetical-Deductive Approach" »

Primary Socialization

Stage

This occurs during the early years of life.

Features

• Acquisition of norms and customs.
• Powered and favored by emotional ties.
• There is no deliberation or awareness of this process.
• Essential for the integral formation of the individual.
• Interference or disruptions could have irreversible consequences.

Examples

• Language acquisition.
• Learning social customs.
• Assimilation of rules and values.

Mechanisms

• Imitation
• Rewards and punishments

Secondary Socialization

Stage

This process occurs throughout an individual's life.

Features

• Involves readjustment to changes in the environment.
• Based on emotional relationships and other interests.
• It is a conscious and deliberate process.
• Represents a less intense form of socialization.
• It is more effective

Función del Documento de Investigación

El documento de un proyecto de investigación presenta la información de la misma. Su función es dar a conocer cómo se realizará la investigación y tiene tres fines principales:

• Medio de control: Para el control externo o interno de la investigación.
• Programación: Detalla el hardware y software necesarios para realizar las tareas de investigación.
• Contratación: Define el valor del contrato y es esencial para su contextualización.

Proceso de Desarrollo del Proyecto

El desarrollo del proyecto considera varios contextos:

1. Contexto de la demanda: Se aborda a través de preguntas clave como: ¿de parte de quién surge el requerimiento?, ¿con qué motivo?, ¿qué finalidad práctica se persigue?
2. Contexto