Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Psychology and Sociology

f) Take into consideration the multiplicity of perspectives and actors that exist in the social space in which we intervene.
The challenge of community work is based on the plurality of points of view and try a form of intervention that seeks to recognize the explanations of the situations that perform the various subjects (the people, politicians and professionals).

g) Recognize the existence of diversity and plurality within the profession itself.
Subjects with ideological content (crime, drugs, immigration, poverty, etc..) Raise different positions and / or divergent in practice.

h) At present the concept of community development is being replaced by social development.
For social development, understand the processes of hatching and revitalization... Continue reading "Social Development and Community Work: Perspectives and Objectives" »

Concept of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse refers to the modification of behavior that conditions continued drug use. There are two main types:

• Psychological Dependence: This is characterized by an obsessive concern with obtaining and consuming drugs. Individuals experience pleasure in using drugs and anguish at the thought of not being able to obtain them. This creates a habit of taking drugs that is perceived as necessary for their well-being.
• Physical Dependence: This involves measurable and reproducible physiological changes that occur due to chronic exposure to a drug. These changes become apparent when drug use is abruptly stopped.

Several variables influence the initiation and continuation of drug dependence:

• Substance-Related Factors: Availability,

Mosston's Spectrum of Teaching Styles

The spectrum is a unified theory of teacher behavior and student learning, a complete structure for understanding the processes of teaching and learning. The structure of the spectrum comes from the premise: instruction is a decision-making chain. Each teaching act is the result of a previous decision.

1. Focus on Teaching Behavior: The spectrum focuses on what the teacher says and does with students. The teacher's behavior creates the learning environment and influences student responses.
2. Teaching Style vs. Personality: A teaching style is about the teacher's behavior in class, not personality or philosophy. Teachers can learn to use all teaching styles effectively. Mastering more styles makes a teacher more

1. Types of Emergencies

A. Crisis

A crisis involves frail and troubled circumstances, stemming from internal or external sources, that disrupt a system's balance and normalcy, leading to disorganization.

B. Accident

An accident affects a specific segment of the population, easily defined by a nominal variable (e.g., car occupants, event attendees, building tenants). The broader community remains unaffected, and response systems can act freely.

C. Disaster

A disaster indiscriminately affects everyone, disrupting daily life. Examples include a nuclear power plant leak, a toxic cloud, or widespread flooding. Institutional response systems may also be affected but can still potentially help.

D. Catastrophe

A catastrophe is an unexpected event affecting... Continue reading "Emergency and Disaster Management: A Comprehensive Guide" »

Effective People Management Strategies

We do not perceive all of reality, only a portion of it. Understanding this is crucial for effective people management.

Understanding Perception: The Ladder of Inference

The Ladder of Inference is a powerful model that helps us understand how we form beliefs and take action based on our perceptions. It illustrates how we move from observable data to conclusions, often without realizing the steps in between.

The Ladder of Inference Model

This model describes the mental process by which we climb from observable data to conclusions, often leading to misunderstandings.

• Observable Data & Experiences: The Foundation

  This is the bottom rung, representing the raw, objective facts and experiences available to us.

• Selected

Conflict in Groups

Conflicts are inherent in human nature, a fundamental part of our reality and experiences. Without them, human growth would be impossible. When faced with conflict, three positions are possible: escape, escalating the conflict, or confronting it.

Paul Wehr outlines these steps in overcoming conflicts:

• Know and understand the origins and evolution of the conflict.
• Identify which individuals and groups are involved.
• Determine the motivations and needs of those involved.
• Understand what or who caused the conflict, the circumstances, and potential solutions.

Social Relations

Social relations develop between individuals within the same sociological context, encompassing both personal and professional relationships. These can generally... Continue reading "Social Dynamics: Conflict, Altruism, and Diversity" »

Theories on the Mechanisms of Perception

Associationism Theory

Wundt: Isolated sensations are perceived and then associated with others to form a global perception of the object.

Gestalt Theory

Studies the way in which perception is organized. Given a stimulus, individuals react differently.

Functionalist Theory

James: Stresses the subjective aspects of all perception.

Cognitive Theory

Neisser: Emphasizes the structural activity of the subject based on past experience.

Gestalt Principles and Laws of Perception

A) Figure-Ground Principle

We perceive a figure against a background, often denying the other. Both the figure and the background can be reversible.

Contour Law: The figure stands out against the background, marked by a clear boundary.

B) Law of Prägnanz

Unit IV: Group Dynamics and Social Research

Understanding Discussion Groups

The discussion group technique is presented as a social research method and observational tool, often associated with intervention-oriented group practices. It aims to clarify the scope and significance of using groups as a tool to understand the symbolic dimensions of social reality and group practices themselves.

The Significance of Group Behavior

Groups are not merely categories or aggregates of individuals that can be assembled regardless of their intent or purposes. Instead, they are a set of individuals related by some common bond that makes them interdependent, such as friends or colleagues. Research conducted on groups based solely on sociodemographic categories... Continue reading "Group Dynamics in Social Research: Primary and Secondary Groups" »

Types of Hypotheses

Research Hypothesis: Propositions, attempts on possible relationships between two or more variables.

• Descriptive Hypothesis Value: Sometimes used in descriptive studies to try to predict a datum or more variables to be measured.
• Correlational: Provides that two or more variables are linked.
• Group Difference: Aiming investigations were made to compare groups.
• Grounds: The relationship between variables is given by cause and effect, there is always an independent variable and a dependent one.
• Null Hypotheses: They are the reverse of the research hypothesis, it serves to refute or deny what the research hypothesis states.
• Alternative Hypotheses: They alternate between research hypothesis possibilities and the null hypothesis.

Types

Human Nature and Culture

Human Nature Coincides with the Genetic Heritage of Humanity

Human behavior would not be possible without the influence of culture. Human behavior has a genetic basis but is developed and made concrete in the company of others.

Human Behavior: The Relationship of an Animal's Activity with its Environment

Each animal responds appropriately to the demands of the environment where it lives and reacts to specific stimuli that promote or threaten its survival. Such behavior may be innate or acquired.

Innate Behavior

When behavior is innate, it is hereditary in origin, fixed, and programmed. Reflexes and instincts are the two most important forms of innate behavior.

• Reflexes: Innate motor responses caused by sensory stimulation.