Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Psychology and Sociology

Dx Criteria of SPD

1. Changes in Personality and Societal Function

Individuals with Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD) exhibit significant changes in their personality that affect their ability to function in social and occupational settings.

2. Stereotypic Behavior

SPD is characterized by stereotypic behaviors that impact social and occupational functioning.

3. Stereotypic Features

Stereotypic features, such as unusual beliefs and behaviors, are prominent in SPD.

4. Distress

SPD can cause significant distress to individuals and those around them.

Antisocial & Emotional Symptoms & Differential Diagnosis

Personality Disorder (PD)

PD encompasses a range of mental health conditions characterized by inflexible and unhealthy personality traits.... Continue reading "Personality Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction" »

1. Social media emphasizes the 'me' by saying that it is the most socialized aspect of the person. This is gained through repeated interaction with people. With social media, where the interaction rate should be high, chances are people would know the 'me' of the person rather than the 'I'.

2. The second sex is defined as the duality of sexes in which women are always second to men. Men are expected to go to war and be the breadwinner of the family. Females, on the other hand, are defined by the deviation of men. They are the stay-at-home women who would take care of their kids.

3. Double consciousness describes the internal conflict experienced by the subordinated groups in an oppressive society. One would struggle being part of a racist and... Continue reading "Social Media and Cultural Inequality" »

Major Schools of Psychology

Behaviorism

Behaviorism, a dominant school of thought in the 1950s, emphasizes the role of environmental causes in shaping behavior. Observable behaviors, such as classical conditioning (Pavlov's experiment) and operant conditioning (Skinner's experiment), are the focus of research.

Psychoanalysis

Founded by Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis highlights the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Freud's theory of the id, ego, and superego explains the complex interactions that drive human behavior. The five stages of psychosexual development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) are key concepts.

Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive psychology emerged as a response to behaviorism, focusing on mental processes such as thinking,... Continue reading "Exploring Major Schools of Psychology: Behaviorism, Psychoanalysis, Cognitive Psychology, and Humanistic Psychology" »

Acronyms

• OB: Organizational Behavior - The study of how people impact behavior within organizations.
• EBM: Evidence-Based Management - Using scientific evidence for managerial decisions.
• GMA: General Mental Ability - An overall factor of intelligence.
• ADA: Americans with Disabilities Act - Prohibits discrimination based on disability.
• POS: Perceived Organizational Support - How much employees believe an organization values them.
• AET: Affective Events Theory - Workplace events cause emotional reactions that influence behavior.
• EI: Emotional Intelligence - The ability to understand others' emotions.
• MBTI: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - A personality test classifying people into 16 types.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Organizational Behavior

Key Concepts

• Manager:

Understanding the One-on-One Interview

The most traditional job interview is a one-on-one meeting between a candidate and a supervisor or hiring manager. The interviewer will ask questions about the applicant's experience and skills, as well as their work history, availability, and the personal attributes the company is seeking in the person they will hire for the job.

What is a Behavioral Interview?

In a behavioral interview, an employer has already determined the skills needed for the position and will ask questions to assess if the candidate possesses those skills. Instead of asking how you would behave in a hypothetical scenario, they will ask how you did behave in a past situation.

Preparing for Behavioral Interview Questions

• Recall Recent

1. Musical - Rhythmic

It refers to the sensitivity to sounds, both musical and background sound. It is related to pitch and rhythm.

2. Visual - Spatial

It refers to the understanding of spatial relations. It includes the use of shapes, colors, appearance, and the ability to think in images, to imagine and visualize. It includes the understanding of the three dimensions, the sense of direction, and the ability to understand a map.

3. Verbal - Linguistic

It refers to the use of language in its written or oral form. Tests as standard tools at school are mainly based on this intelligence without taking into consideration what is being evaluated.

4. Logical - Mathematical

It refers to the use of numbers and abstract symbols. It refers to the recognition... Continue reading "Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences" »

The Impact of Sets on Human Perception

Definition of a Set

In psychology, a set refers to an expected outcome or frame of reference that influences our perception and behavior.

Sets and Perception

Sets can hinder our ability to detect errors in our own work. For example, if we expect to have written"hous" and it says"hose" we may not notice the misspelling and read it as the intended word.

Sets and Behavior

Sets can also affect our behavior. For instance, if a teacher expects a student to score poorly, they may treat or grade the student differently, leading to lower grades.

Sets and Problem Solving

Sets can influence our problem-solving abilities. If we expect a math problem to be solved in a certain way, we may not consider alternative formulas that... Continue reading "The Impact of Sets on Human Perception, Behavior, and Health" »

The discrimination refers to behaviors directed against another group. For example: Gender discrimination puts women at a disadvantage compared to men in various social situations. In the business market, women receive lower wages than men, for performing the same tasks and having the same qualifications, experience, and training. Women still do most of the housework and it is they who take care of the children and the elderly, so they have little time to look for new job opportunities. And even if they achieve leadership positions, they have to fight more than men to see their work being recognized and valued. Gender discrimination is only one of many forms of negative discrimination and constitutes a violation of human rights.

Cognitive Research Methods

Experiments in Cognitive Psychology

One primary research method used in the cognitive approach is experiments. Experiments are designed to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two or more variables. In an experiment, the researcher manipulates an independent variable (IV) and measures its effect on a dependent variable (DV), while all other variables are held constant. Participants are randomly allocated to conditions, and the environment in which the study is conducted is carefully controlled to ensure that extraneous variables do not influence the results.

Biological Foundations of Cognition

Localization of Function (LOF)

Different parts of the brain are responsible for specific functions. Despite this specialization,... Continue reading "Brain Plasticity: Cognitive Research and Neural Adaptation" »

Organization

Organization is a consciously coordinated social unit, made up of a group of people who work together on common goals on a relatively continuous basis.

1. Individual Differences

People enter groups and organizations with certain characteristics that influence behavior. Perception, Values, Attitudes

2. Job Satisfaction

3. Motivation

4. Empowerment:

Means putting employees in charge of what they do – give them responsibility.

5. Behaving Ethically

Perception

(“the perceiver”) look at a target and attempt to interpret what you see: attitudes, personality, motives, interests, past experiences, and expectations

The target’s characteristics can affect what we perceive: Novelty, motion, sound, size, background, proximity.

The situation: The... Continue reading "Understanding Organization: Individual Differences, Job Satisfaction, Motivation, and More" »