Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Knowledge Sources in the Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, knowledge gained from the Holy Scriptures was given more credibility than information acquired through experiments.

The 17th Century Scientific Revolution

A scientific revolution is considered to have taken place in the 17th century due to significant advancements across various fields:

• In astronomy, the heliocentric theory of the universe was proposed.
• In medicine, physicians began dissecting human bodies, making progress in the field of anatomy.
• In physics and chemistry, the properties of matter were discovered.
• In geography, highly accurate world maps were created.
• In botany and zoology, the first classifications of living organisms were made.

Nicolaus Copernicus and His Heliocentric Theory

Nicolaus... Continue reading "Middle Ages Knowledge, Scientific Revolution, Baroque Art" »

The Constant Role of Language Learning

Throughout the history of education, learning a foreign language or languages has been a constant component. Of course, many people feel that this is really an unnecessary part of education for everyone, but this is not a point of view that I share.

Arguments Against Mandatory Language Learning

Opponents of learning a foreign language might argue that most people do not travel that often outside their own country. In addition to this, out of all the countries of the world, comparatively few share the same language. Therefore, learning a foreign language will only be useful for the very limited time that one spends in a country where this language is used. For some people, the language might never be used... Continue reading "The Enduring Value of Learning Languages in Education" »

The 21st century has been one of the most innovative ages for online platforms. Online learning has become more interesting and fruitful. However, the lack of face-to-face interaction is creating some severe issues. In this essay, we will discuss both the positive and negative aspects of e-learning.

Advantages of E-Learning

First of all, online education has broadened the dimension of learning beyond limits. Gaining knowledge in the old days, sitting back in schools, was always boring and ineffective for understanding. But now, with the evolution of online technology, the level of understanding has been increasing, as we can learn from different tutors all around the world, as many times as we want. In addition, e-learning has made it possible... Continue reading "E-Learning: Advantages and Disadvantages" »

Python Syntax

As we learned in the previous page, Python syntax can be executed by writing directly in the Command Line:

>>> print("Hello, World!")
Hello, World!

Python Indentation

Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line.

Where in other programming languages the indentation in code is for readability only, the indentation in Python is very important.

Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.

if5 > 2:
    print("Five is greater than two!")

Python will give you an error if you skip the indentation:

if5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")

Python Comments

Comments can be used to explain Python code.

Comments can be used to make the code more readable.

Comments can be used to prevent execution when testing... Continue reading "Python Syntax, Indentation, Comments, Variables, Data Types, Numbers, Casting, and Strings" »

How Did the Universe Start?

The universe is everything that exists. Scientists estimate it could contain 100 billion galaxies. A galaxy is a large group of many stars and celestial bodies.

What Are Stars?

Stars are giant spheres of very hot gas. The Sun is the closest star to Earth.

Constellations

Constellations are visible at different times of the night. We see different constellations in the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.

Types of Galaxies

Spiral galaxies are disc-shaped, with arms.

Elliptical galaxies are oval-shaped.

Irregular galaxies have no defined shape.

Solar System

Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are inner planets. They are mostly made of rock.

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto are the outer planets. They are mostly... Continue reading "Exploring the Universe: Stars, Galaxies, and the Solar System" »

Understanding Fair Trade and its Impact

Have you ever come across a food product at the supermarket with a label saying "Fair Trade"? You may have wondered what exactly that means. Fair trade is an arrangement designed to help producers in growing countries achieve sustainable and equitable trade relationships.

The Objectives of Fair Trade

Fair trade has two main objectives: the development of peoples and the fight against poverty. These objectives are based on several pillars:

• Producers must have a minimum wage.
• Workers should not be children.
• Products shall be environmentally friendly.

Consumers pay more attention to the origin of the products they consume. They take into account, for example, how it has been obtained, and they are willing to pay... Continue reading "Fair Trade: Benefits, Ethics, and Corporate Responsibility" »

Have you ever come across a food product at the supermarket with a label saying Fair Trade? You may have wondered what exactly that means. Fair trade is an arrangement designed to help producers in growing countries achieve sustainable and equitable trade relationships.

Fair trade has two main objectives. On the one hand, the development of peoples. On the other hand, the fight against poverty.

The objectives are based on several pillars: Firstly, producers must have a minimum wage. Secondly, workers should not be children. Finally, the products shall be environmentally friendly.

Consumers pay more attention to the origin of the products they consume. They take into account, for example, how it has been obtained and they are willing to pay more... Continue reading "The Impact of Fair Trade and Ethics on Modern Society" »

Hi, My Name is Martha

Hi, my name is M., well, it's really M.C.O.P., but everyone calls me Martha. I am 53 years old and live in Sagunto, Valencia.

About Me

I'm going to tell you about myself. I'm at vocational school studying integral aesthetics. I'm in my last year, and I really like it. I live with my sons and my daughter in a house in the mountains. I have a dog and two cats.

As you can see, I have black hair and brown eyes. My sons say that I am very thin, but I believe that it is not like that.

I think I'm a passive person. My friends say I'm funny, and it's true; I like making people laugh. But at work, I am serious and responsible.

I don't have much free time because when I'm not in class, I have to do my degree project. But I like to rearrange... Continue reading "Personal and Family Stories: A Brief Narrative" »

English Verb Patterns: Gerunds and Infinitives

Verbs Followed by the Gerund (VERB + -ING)

These verbs are followed by the gerund form of another verb:

• admit, adore, allow, avoid, can't stand, carry on, consider, deny, delay, mind, enjoy, fancy, finish, give up, imagine, involve, keep, postpone, practice, put off, recommend, risk, suggest.

Verbs Followed by the To-Infinitive (TO + INF)

These verbs are followed by the full infinitive (to + verb):

• afford, agree, allow, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, dare, decide, expect, fail, forget, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, threaten, want, would like.

Verbs Followed by Object + To-Infinitive

These verbs require an object before the full infinitive:

• advise,