Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Primary education

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Defined

F.5.1 Define the terms photoautotroph, photoheterotroph, chemoautotroph, and chemoheterotroph

Photoautotroph: An organism that uses light energy to generate ATP and produce organic compounds from inorganic substances.

Photoheterotroph: An organism that uses light energy to generate ATP and obtains organic compounds from other organisms.

Chemoautotroph: An organism that uses energy from chemical reactions to generate ATP and produce organic compounds from inorganic substances.

Chemoheterotroph: An organism that uses energy from chemical reactions to generate ATP and obtains organic compounds from other organisms.

Examples of Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

F.5.2 State one example of a photoautotroph, photoheterotroph,

Reverse Transcriptase

Production of DNA from RNA

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme isolated from retroviruses that catalyzes the production of DNA from an RNA template.

Use in Molecular Biology

• Reverse transcriptase is used in recombinant DNA technology to produce genes for gene transfer.
• It catalyzes the production of complementary DNA (cDNA) from an mRNA template.
• cDNA does not contain introns because mRNA undergoes splicing before cDNA production.
• Bacteria lack the machinery for intron removal, so genes inserted into them need introns removed to produce functional proteins.
• Examples of reverse transcriptase use include:
  • Mass production of human insulin by E. coli.
  • Generation of cDNA libraries for DNA microarrays (DNA fingerprinting).

Gene Therapy

Somatic

Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO)

The process starts with a proposed use declaration, indicating that the trademark is being used. The status changes from 'Pending' to 'Registered Trademark' after a notice of allowance, typically 10-14 months after filing, provided there are no oppositions.

A trademark examiner approves the application for publication in the trademark journal. Within two months of publication, third parties can oppose the trademark.

United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)

The Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS) is used for searches.

Form #11 in the USPTO filing process relates to the Madrid Protocol.

Serial Number/Registration number are key identifiers.

Trademark Trolls

Trademarks can be protected through... Continue reading "Trademark Registration: CIPO, USPTO, and International Systems" »

From Adjectives to Adverbs (-ment)

To form adverbs, we add -ly:

• Polite → Politely
• Adjectives ending in -y change to -ily: Happy → Happily
• Adjectives ending in -ic add -ally: Pessimistic → Pessimistically
• Irregular adverbs: Fast → Fast, Hard → Hard, Good → Well

Opposites

• Accepted → Refused
• Complicated → Simple
• Poorer → Wealthier
• Earlier → Later
• Meanness → Generosity
• End → Beginning
• Brilliant → Awful
• Import → Export
• Baggy → Tight
• Fail → Succeed
• Old-fashioned → Modern
• Raise → Lower

Third Conditional

If + Past Perfect (had/hadn't + past participle), would have + past participle

Hypothetical past events (events that didn't happen).
Example: If Mark had left earlier, he would have caught the train.

Comparatives and Superlatives

Words and Their Meanings

• Abdicate: To renounce, resign, or quit.
• Trivial: Unimportant or small.
• Rustic: Relating to the countryside; rural.
• Ostentation: Flashiness, showiness, or display.
• Impertinent: Rude or disrespectful.
• Pernicious: Malicious or evil.
• Chagrin: Embarrassment or humiliation.
• Flummox: To confuse.
• Enigma: A mystery or riddle.
• Chronometer: A timepiece or watch.

Key Facts from *The King's Speech*

Who was King George V?

David and Albert's father, the King of England during World War I.

Countries in the British Empire

England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, India, Canada, Australia, and Hong Kong.

What is a book that holds a person's daily thoughts?

A diary.

What did doctors tell King George VI to do to relax?

They advised him to smoke.

King George

The Life of Irena Sendler

A Holocaust Hero

Irena Sendler was 29 when Nazi forces invaded Warsaw, Poland, and began imprisoning Jewish people in ghettos. Before this, Irena grew up with strong morals and kindness in her heart. She believed that no matter a person's ethnicity or social status, they should always be treated with kindness, respect, and love. Irena learned these strong morals from her father, whose dying words to her were, "*If you see someone drowning, you must jump in and save them, whether you can swim or not*." These kind words of advice stuck with Irena throughout the rest of her life.

When Jews were forced to sit separately from "Aryan" students at Warsaw University, where Irena attended, she stood up for her Jewish friends.... Continue reading "Irena Sendler: Saving 2,500 Jewish Children from the Warsaw Ghetto" »

Reported Speech

Verb Tense Changes in Reported Speech

• Present Simple becomes Past Simple
  • -s/-es changes to -ed or irregular verb form
• Present Continuous becomes Past Continuous
  • am/is/are + verb-ing changes to was/were + verb-ing
• Past Simple becomes Past Perfect
  • -ed or irregular verb form changes to had + past participle (3rd column)
• Present Perfect becomes Past Perfect
  • have/has + past participle changes to had + past participle
• Past Perfect remains Past Perfect
  • had + past participle remains had + past participle
• Present Perfect Continuous becomes Past Perfect Continuous
  • have/has + been + verb-ing changes to had + been + verb-ing
• Past Perfect Continuous remains Past Perfect Continuous
  • had + been + verb-ing remains had + been + verb-ing
• Future Simple

Business Values of Telecom Standardization for Operators

1. Multiple sources of supply (decrease risk of sole supplier dependencies/lock-in, improve choice at competitive prices).
2. Interoperability, e.g., multi-vendor networks, service interop.
3. Assurance that investment in technology should not abruptly change or fail.

Business Values of Telecom Standardization for Vendors

1. Network vendors can sell to all service operators, freed from vendor-specific R&D.
2. Reduce customization.
3. Build reputation / customer confidence - strong standards brand.
4. Larger markets from wide adoption, greater economies of scale.

Types of Standards Bodies

1. Accredited
2. Treaty-based
3. Partnerships

Telecom Acronyms Explained

1. ITU: International Telecommunication Union
2. IETF: Internet Engineering

Understanding Intonation in Speech

Stress-timed Rhythm: In stress-timed languages, the time between stressed syllables is roughly equal. Unstressed words are often reduced in both quality and quantity.

Syllable-timed Rhythm: In syllable-timed languages, each syllable takes approximately the same amount of time. Vowel quality remains consistent across both accented and unaccented syllables.

Functions of Intonation

Attitudinal Function

Intonation expresses attitudes and emotions, such as shock, pleasure, anger, interest, boredom, seriousness, or sarcasm. This is primarily conveyed through tone.

Grammatical Function

Intonation helps identify grammatical structures, similar to punctuation in writing. It marks the beginning and end of grammatical units... Continue reading "Understanding Intonation: Functions and Timing in Speech" »

A Circuit

A circuit is an unbroken loop of conductive material that allows electrons to flow through continuously without beginning or end. If a circuit is ”broken,” that means its conductive elements no longer form a complete path, and continuous electron flow cannot occur in it. The location of a break in a circuit is irrelevant to its inability to sustain continuous electron flow. Any break anywhere in a circuit prevents electron flow throughout the circuit.

A Fuse

A fuse element acts as a sacrificial device to provide overcurrent protection. Most fuses include a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows, which interrupts the circuit in which it is connected.

Electromotive Force (EMF)

To move electrons in a conductor in a... Continue reading "Fundamentals of Electronics: Circuits, Components, and Arduino" »