Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

Stroke: Types and Characteristics

Types of Stroke

• Ischemic: Blockage of a cerebral vessel to the brain (most common). Includes thromboembolic (blood clot in arteries) and embolic (blood clot originating away from the brain).
• Hemorrhagic: Rupture in the brain. Includes intracerebral (bursts in the brain and spills) and subarachnoid (starts in an artery, spills on the surface of the brain).
• Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): A "mini-stroke" characterized by a brief episode.

Risk Factors

Age, heredity, prior stroke or heart attack, gender, high blood pressure, diabetes, elevated cholesterol, arrhythmias, tobacco use, obesity, poor diet, and physical inactivity.

Stroke Rehabilitation Principles

Rehabilitation emphasizes a multidisciplinary approach including... Continue reading "Understanding Stroke, Brain Injury, and Hearing Impairments" »

Defining Plyometrics

Plyometrics is a training method focused on developing explosive power. It utilizes the stretch-shortening cycle, which consists of three phases:

• Eccentric: Stretching of the agonist muscle, storing elastic energy in the series elastic component.
• Amortization: The brief pause between the eccentric and concentric phases.
• Concentric: Shortening of the agonist muscle, releasing the stored elastic energy from the series elastic component.

Key Factors for a Plyometric Training Program

A successful plyometric training program considers the following factors:

• Progressive Overload: Gradually increasing the training stimulus over time.
• Specificity: Training movements should be specific to the demands of the sport.
• Sport-Specific Patterns:

TWIST: Is damage caused to a body part, as a result of turning or bending it too much, or in the wrong direction (torcedura)
SPRAINS: is a type of injury that happens when a person abruptly stretches or turns a joint too much (esguince)
ARTHRITIS: Is a disease where the joints are swollen and painful
HIP REPLACEMENT: Is a surgical operation. The hip joint is replaced by an implant that is similar to the previous biological structure
STROKE: is a medical condition in which a tube taking blood to the brain suddenly becomes blocked or bursts (derrame)
BRAIN INJURY: is when there is a change in brain function due to factors like an outside force, a stroke, or destruction of brain cells (lesión cerebral)
OSTEOPOROSIS: is a disease that affects the bones.

Passing

You must pass the ball backward with both hands. No forward passes are allowed with the hands. If so, a free pass will be awarded to the opposing team at the place where the ball left the player’s hands.

The 'Tackle' (Tag)

A tag refers to the removal of one of the two ribbons placed at both sides of a player (see picture). The only player on the field who can be tagged is the player in possession of the ball. The defender will then hold the ribbon above their head and shout “Tag!” loud and clear for all to hear.

The Free Pass

A free pass is used to start the game (from the center of the field) or to restart it at the place where the ball went out of play or an infringement took place.

What Happens After a Tag?

Both the ball carrier and... Continue reading "Understanding Flag Football Rules and Techniques" »

ACROSPORT

CONCEPT

It is an acrobatic-choreographic sport, since there are three key elements incorporated into its exercises:

• Figure formations or body pyramids.
• Realization of floor gymnastic skills (jumps, turns and balances) which are used as transitions from one figure to another.
• Music, which supports the choreographic component of the combination of the previous elements.

As a competitive sport, acrosport has the following general characteristics:

1. Categories in which you can compete: female partners, male partners, mixed partners, female trios, and male quartets.
2. The elements of balances and acrobatic stunts make up the principal part of the exercise, forming a harmonious and rhythmic set with other gymnastic elements of flexibility and dance.

Artistic Gymnastics

Introduction

Artistic gymnastics involves performing simple individual exercises and transitions or combinations of these exercises on a mat or specific apparatus. It is called artistic gymnastics because, in addition to a high level of execution, aesthetics are also important.

Apparatus

Balance Beam

The balance beam is a rectangular bar 120cm above the ground, on which simple movements are performed such as walkovers, turns, jumps switching legs, as well as complex exercises like handstands or flic flac. It requires a sense of balance and coordination. The gymnast should remain on the bar between 70 and 90 seconds.

Uneven Bars

With the uneven bars, the gymnast has to perform ten different routines with different grips, foot and... Continue reading "Artistic Gymnastics: Guide to Apparatus, Techniques & Rules" »

Training Definition

Training is a process with a time structure that serves to increase physical, psychological, and cognitive performance.

General Objectives of Training

• Utilitarian: Training that focuses on improving physical condition.
• Health: Training that aims to promote growth and maintain health.
• Psychological-social: Training that seeks to improve self-perception and strengthen social bonds.

The Principles of Training

• Individuality and Specificity: Any planning should be adapted to the individual and consider his or her needs, characteristics, and initial capacities.
• Adaptation and Overload: Improve by training more than you normally do. Push yourself; you must work hard.
• Continuity: Maintaining a consistent schedule.
• Progression: Gradually increase

Handball: Essential Concepts

Crossovers

A crossover is a maneuver in which a dribbling player rapidly switches the ball from one side to the other in order to move around a defender.

Communication

Communication is the exchange or transfer of signals, facts, ideas, and symbols. It requires a sender, a message, and an intended receiver. Communication involves the activity of conveying information or meaning. Effective communication requires a common language (which may be written, spoken, or non-verbal).

Function

Function: To work or operate in a proper or particular way.

Interaction

Interaction: Communication or direct involvement with someone or something.

Defense

The defense back's task is to cover the attacking back and prevent shooting, breaking through... Continue reading "Handball and Swimming: Key Terms and Rules" »

Physical Health and Fitness Vocabulary

• To work out (hacer ejercicio)
• To bulk up (aumentar musculatura)
• To stretch the legs (calentar)
• To warm up
• To shift some weight
• To slim down
• To shed pounds
• To get rid of one's spare tire
• To pull a muscle (dañar)
• To take up (hobby)
• Unfit
• Complexion
• Therapeutics
• Junk food
• Tablet
• Stamina
• Ripped (musculado)
• To get in shape
• Down in the dumps (depresivo)
• Overweight
• Illness
• Pill (pastilla pequeña)
• Put on weight (ganar peso)
• Tone up
• To be keen on (interesado)
• Speed
• Endurance
• Push-up (flexión)
• Jumping jacks
• Elbow crunches (rotación de codo)
• To wear off (dolor o sentimiento)
• Settle down (calma)
• Body fat (grasa corporal)
• Blood pressure
• Fatty food
• Overeating
• Squats
• Hip rotation

Mental Health Vocabulary

• Anxiety
• Depression
• Stress
• Therapist
• Self-esteem
• Mindfulness

The vocational training model of curriculum is a type of educational program. It focuses on providing students with practical skills and knowledge.

This type of curriculum is designed to prepare students for specific careers and industries. It typically includes a combination of classroom instruction and hands-on training.

Specialty of Vocational Training Model

The vocational training model of curriculum often emphasizes real-world experience and practical skills over theoretical knowledge.

Students may learn by working with tools and equipment, practicing specific techniques, and completing projects that simulate real-world situations.

This type of education can be particularly useful for students who want to enter fields such as automotive repair,... Continue reading "Vocational Training Curriculum: Practical Skills for Careers" »