Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

Q4.A). What is stiffness modulus of bitumen?

Ans. The stiffness modulus of bituminous mixtures is fundamental to the analysis of the stress–strain response of pavement under traffic loading. It can be measured using various methods such as the resilient modulus test, indirect tensile test, and uni-axial direct tensile test. Thus, stiffness is usually characterized by the ratio of the stress (force per unit area) to the corresponding displacement (also known as deflection). In mechanics, this ratio is called modulus. The larger the modulus, the stiffer the pavement.

Q4.B) Write a short note on dynamic modulus of bituminous mixtures?

Ans. The dynamic modulus represents the stiffness of the asphalt material when tested in a compressive-type, repeated... Continue reading "Stiffness Modulus of Bitumen: Resilient vs. Dynamic Modulus" »

Warm-up Exercises

Introduction

Warm-up exercises are a series of organized, methodical, and progressive movements designed to prepare your body for optimal performance and injury prevention. These exercises ensure suitable quality and safety during subsequent activities. Warm-ups are categorized into three types:

• General Warm-up: Moderate exercises that prepare muscles for generic physical activity.
• Specific Warm-up: Targeted exercises for specific muscle groups used in a particular sport or activity.
• Muscle Warm-up: Exercises for therapeutic effect or general fitness.

Effects of Warm-up

A proper warm-up yields several positive effects:

• Increased body temperature
• Improved muscle tone
• Elevated heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate
• Increased blood

Ice Hockey: A Brief History

Ice hockey originated in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, with rules established in 1789. The sport was first played in 1893.

The Rink and Equipment

The playing surface is an ice rink, specifically designed for hockey. It's rectangular, measuring 61 meters long by 30 meters wide. A red line divides the rink in half, with two goal lines at each end, four meters from the end of the rink. The goal is located in front of each goal line.

Basic Rules of Ice Hockey

• The game is divided into three 20-minute periods.
• If the score is tied after three periods, a 10-minute overtime is played. If no goals are scored, the game ends in a draw.
• Defending often involves checking.
• A player entering the offensive zone before the puck is offside.

Common

Food Preservation

Preserving food prevents microorganisms from changing the food's original characteristics, such as its appearance, smell, or taste, in order to keep the food safe to eat for a longer period of time.

Methods of Food Preservation

- Methods that use low temperatures

These methods are used to prevent the growth of microorganisms that thrive at room temperature. Refrigeration involves keeping foods at temperatures between 0°C and 4°C, and freezing consists of storing foods at or below -18°C.

- Methods that use high temperatures

Sterilisation or Uht processing is a processing is a process in which food is heated at a temperature of 135c for two or three seconds in order to destruyo all microorganism. This metido allows products... Continue reading "Food Preservation Methods and Additives" »

The Presence of Sport on Television

Football Dominance in Spanish Media

A lot of sport appears on TV and in the news. In Spain, football is especially dominant, and less time is spent covering other sports. I don't think this imbalance is ideal.

Football is a sport that generates significant revenue, which is why it receives so much television coverage. I don't dislike the fact that many sports appear on TV. However, it would be better if several sports were featured prominently, not just one.

Furthermore, I believe there are many programs, series, and shows that complement or compensate for sports coverage. As far as I am concerned, sport needs to be on TV, just like any other type of program. It seems to me that the current amount of sports on... Continue reading "Sport in Modern Society: Media Coverage, Fitness, and Youth" »

The Olympic Games

The Olympic Games are an international sporting event celebrated every four years. They are organized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). All countries are invited to participate under two flags: their national flag and the Olympic flag, which is composed of five interconnected rings of different colors. Each ring represents one of the five continents.

Historical Periods

The Games are historically divided into two periods:

• The Ancient Olympic Games (776 BC - 393 AD)
• The Modern Olympic Games (1896 to present)

The Ancient Olympic Games

The Ancient Games were celebrated in Olympia, located on a Greek island called "Katakolon." To participate, athletes needed to meet three requirements:

1. Be Greek
2. Be a man (women were not allowed

Baseball: A Beginner's Guide

Description

Baseball is a team sport where two teams compete on a field. The objective is to score more points than the opposing team by running laps around the field. Each completed lap counts as one point.

Equipment

Ball

The baseball is a hard sphere with a core made of cork, surrounded by nylon, and covered with leather.

Bat

Bats can be made of either solid wood or aluminum. Wooden bats are heavier than aluminum bats, resulting in stronger hits but slower swings.

Gameplay

Game Duration

Baseball games do not have a time limit. A match can last for an hour, 1 hour and 30 minutes, or even 2 hours, depending on the players' performance and the score.

Innings

A baseball game consists of nine innings. Each inning is divided into... Continue reading "A Beginner's Guide to Baseball" »

WINDOW OPERATION TYPES

1. Single (pico del triangulo en el abridor)
2. Double casement
3. Bottom hung
4. Tilt and turn
5. Vertical pivot (rombo)
6. Horizontal pivot
7. Top hung
8. Fix
9. Sliding/folding
10. Horizontal sliding
11. Single bottom sash

WINDOW INSTALLATION ORDER

1. Dimension check
2. Frame placement, wedging
3. Alignment, adjustment
4. Wedging with two
5. Fastening
6. Sash installation
7. Removing the wedges
8. Sealing
9. Architraves

WALL

Window Arrangement with Thermal Insulation

Sketch top and side view (poner alfeizar/sill covering).

1. Frame extension behind TI
2. Frame extension in the middle of the wall
3. Dummy frame at the thermal insulation
4. Fastening frame window-wall connection

Wall Frame Sealing

1. Inside and outside
2. Sealing outside + foil inside
3. Foil inside and outside

FRAME

Stop. Frame-sash connection (triple stop)

1. External

Volleyball Match Rules and Scoring

Basic Scoring Principles

• You score a point when the opponent team cannot return the volleyball over the net or prevent it from touching the court surface.
• You do not need to have possession of the ball to score.
• The first team to score 25 points by a margin of two points wins the set.
• The team that wins three out of five sets wins the volleyball match.
• There is no time limit for a volleyball match.

Match Structure and Setup

• There are two-minute breaks between each set; teams switch court sides after each break.
• Team captains flip a coin to determine which side will serve first.
• Each team has six players on the court, typically arranged in two rows of three players.

Volleyball Faults

A fault occurs when:

• The ball is held,

Musculoskeletal System Fundamentals

Mnemonic Rule for Muscle Regions

Neumotecnica Rule: A system for classifying muscle groups based on location and primary action:

• Superior Region:
  • Anterior: Flexors
  • Posterior: Extensors
• Inferior Region:
  • Anterior: Flexors
  • Posterior: Extensors

Lower Limb Musculature

Knee Muscles

Quadriceps Femoris (Extensors):

1. Rectus Femoris (Straight)
2. Vastus Lateralis
3. Vastus Medialis (Vast Interior)
4. Vastus Intermedius (Crural)

Hamstrings (Flexors): Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, and Semimembranosus.

Ankle and Foot Muscles: Actions and Primary Movers

1. Plantar Flexion (Foot Away):
   • Gastrocnemius (External and Internal Twin)
   • Soleus
2. Dorsiflexion (Foot Up):
   • Tibialis Anterior
   • Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius
   • Extensor Digitorum Longus
   • Extensor Hallucis Longus
3. Eversion