Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

Personal Training System: Basic Concepts

• 1) Planning of training: This is a general term that includes the distribution of training periods, their characteristics, the purpose of each type of training, and the organization of the working sessions.
• 2) Training Periodization: This is the establishment of those periods in which the body is submitted to an active phase with a specific purpose.
• 3) Work periods: These are more concerted levels of activity. It is impossible to keep someone permanently in ideal physical condition. Taking into account that psychophysical recovery time must be established between each phase of organizational adaptation, training should be organized in periods of varying intensity.
• 4) Work Units: These define the training

The Concept of Relaxation and Decontraction

When discussing relaxation, one immediately thinks of the technique that leads to voluntary psychic and muscular rest, resulting in immobility. However, relaxation can also be part of the flow of a sequence of movements or provide a determined dramatic weight.

In the basic possibilities of working the muscle (contraction - relaxation), there are two types of "loosening":

• Relaxation-Relaxation: Letting gravity act without resistance.
• Controlled Decontraction or Distention: This involves two levels of work:
  • Passive Mechanism: Letting the muscle inertia act (elasticity of muscle tissue).
  • Active Consciousness: Controlling the relaxation.

Both types of relaxation can be an integral part of movement or a path... Continue reading "Principles of Body Movement, Kinesics, and Spatial Awareness" »

Casillas Praises Guardiola and Addresses Team Dynamics

Real Madrid goalkeeper Iker Casillas reiterated his praise for the FC Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola, who on Monday said he is "an example". Casillas stressed that his words should not be taken as criticism of his own coach.

"When I look at Guardiola, I see no controversy, but if you ask me, I do not measure my words. I will not say it's a disaster; I've never been one and I'm not going to be. I can think of others, but for me, the best person I know is my trainer," he said.

Teammates Pepe and Carvalho

On the other hand, regarding his colleagues Pepe and Carvalho, who will face each other in the friendly against Portugal on Wednesday, Casillas highlighted the seriousness and solidity that Carvalho... Continue reading "Casillas Praises Guardiola, Discusses Teammates Pepe and Llorente" »

Background and Theory of Play

Definition: Play is an amusement or recreational activity subject to specific rules. It is characterized as free, separate, uncertain, unproductive, regulated, and fictitious. It is a spontaneous, disinterested activity requiring a freely chosen commitment to meet or overcome an obstacle.

Huizinga and Homo Ludens: Johan Huizinga defines play as a "free action performed outside of ordinary life, which can completely absorb the player without any material interest or advantage, running within a given time and space subject to order and rules." He posits that culture emerges in the form of play.

Core Concepts:

• Play is older than culture.
• It serves as a remnant of magical rituals.

Theories on the Origin of Play

Play is not... Continue reading "The Philosophy and Science of Play: Origins and Functions" »

Motor Behavior in Children and Adolescents

Key Topics

• The question of innate motor programming
• Orthostatic development and gait
• Motor behaviors between 2 and 6 years (nursery and preschool)
• Aquatic motor behaviors
• Implications for motor development
• Refined motor skills from 6 years to adolescence

Objectives

1. Study motor behavior in childhood and adolescence.
2. Interpret the innate nature of motor programming.
3. Explain orthostatic development and walking.
4. Describe motor behaviors between 2 and 6 years.
5. Identify aquatic motor behaviors.
6. Explain implications for motor development.
7. Distinguish refined and elaborate motor skills.

Forssberg (1978) hypothesized that humans possess a set of innate motor programs deployed with varying efficiency, such as the rooting reflex,... Continue reading "Motor Development in Children and Adolescents: Key Milestones" »

Understanding the Curriculum Project (PCC)

The Curriculum Project (PCC) aims to define a flexible, versatile, and constantly revised range of training for an academic center. It enables innovation in curriculum definition, teaching style, and methodology.

PCC: Preparation and Approval

While the School Board is the decision-making body that can opine on the PCC's validity (including its integration within other institutional documents), the technical and practical responsibility for its development and implementation rests with the teachers and the faculty (cloister).

What is the Curriculum Project (PCC)?

The PCC represents the comprehensive training and academic offerings of the center. It develops the typical elements of a curriculum design and... Continue reading "Curriculum Project (PCC): Purpose and Key Elements" »

Trapezius Muscle

The trapezius muscle is a large, superficial muscle that extends from the skull to the last thoracic vertebra and laterally to the spine of the scapula. It occupies the center of the spine on both sides. Although often described as trapezoid-shaped, it is actually triangular. The appearance of a trapeze comes from the combination of the two trapezius muscles.

Sternomastoid Muscle

The sternomastoid muscle is located at all levels, running from back to front. It originates at the mastoid process of the temporal bone, immediately behind the external auditory meatus. One muscle belly terminates at the sternal manubrium, while the other terminates at the upper middle third of the clavicle, leaving a space between them. It acts as an... Continue reading "Key Muscles and Joints: Anatomy and Function" »

The gestural domain and psychomotor Ds determines the positions of leadership. The expcias of socialization and the expectations of society contributes to gender ?. Explanation and description of motor Ds T 2 perspectives: _ The motor q explains the achievements with a grounding psychological, neurological and environmental. _ The motor q Ds explained basing on the classical notions of the European motor: body schema, space-time perception, coordination, rhythm, etc.. 5.3.1. Basic or fundamental concept in the explanation of developing basic motor skills are considered those that: _ They are common to all individuals. _ Phylogenetically speaking have allowed the survival of human beings. _ They are the basis for subsequent learning abilities.... Continue reading "Concept of education" »

The Force and Muscle Strength

The force is the capability that allows a person to create muscular tension in order to overcome an overload. Muscle strength can manifest itself in different ways:

Types of Muscle Strength

Peak Force

Peak force: the tension the muscles must generate to overcome a maximal opposition. Weightlifting (halterofilia) is an example of work that develops peak force.

Power or Explosive Strength

Power or explosive strength: overcoming a small resistance by applying maximum speed.

Strength Endurance

Strength endurance: repeated muscular strength efforts performed over time.

The Force and the Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

Muscles shorten in length during muscle contraction. When muscles remain contracted to hold the skeleton, this... Continue reading "Muscle Strength, Power and Effective Training Methods" »

Musculoskeletal System

The musculoskeletal system is a set of organs that allow you to move the body and maintain its position. It includes the osteoarticular system and other elements that have the ability to produce movement, such as the muscular system.

Parts of the Osteoarticular System

• Bones: Hard and static parts, consisting of living tissue. Their external shape varies; they may be short, flat, or long. They perform four functions:
  • Sustainability
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Metabolic
• Joints: Areas of contact between two or more bones. The mobility of the bones depends on the type of link they have. They can be:
  • No movement (synarthrosis)
  • Little mobility (joint plane)
  • One axis of movement (hinge joint)
  • Two axes of movement (condyloid joint)
  • Three axes of