Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Philosophy and ethics

European Union Human Rights

The European Union has the European Court of Human Rights, to which citizens can appeal if national courts do not recognize their rights and even to sue their own state. It is located in Strasbourg, France.

Human Rights:

Human rights are a set of powers and institutions that, in each particular historical moment, demand human dignity and equal freedom, which must be recognized positively by national and international law.

Citizen Attitudes and Liability:

• Liability: It means to act knowingly, taking into account the consequences and duties to fulfill oneself and others.
• Solidarity: It's a feeling that binds us to others, recognizing the need for mutual aid and respect.
• Justice: A good citizen has to be fair, impartial, and

Hegel's Concept of Spirit and Consciousness

According to Hegel, spirit is the certainty that human beings have power over the sensible and external elements. These elements have value only insofar as man concedes it. All that has value is not dependent on my giving value to the rest. The self can be represented inside an ideal and perfect reality. There is a tension between human beings, the world they know, and an ideal of the interior that should be. This consciousness, which leads to tension, desires to change reality to coincide with its ideal.

Marx and German Philosophy

The expression "German Philosophy" which Marx refers to, relates to the philosophy advocated by the Left Hegelians.

In this work, Marx criticizes Max Stirner, Bruno Bauer,... Continue reading "Hegel and Marx: Philosophy of Spirit and State" »

Pronouns and Morphemes

Pronouns

Personal Pronoun: Third person, used to replace 'him'/'them'. Example: 'I gave it to him'.

Reflexive Pronoun: Functions as a direct object (CD) or indirect object (CI). Examples: 'They are washed' (CD), 'They wash their hands' (CI).

Reciprocal Pronoun: Functions as a direct object (CD) or indirect object (CI). Examples: 'His and her stick' (CD), 'His and her shots are given' (CI).

Morphemes

Verbal Morpheme: Accompanies many verbs that require a pronominal form (e.g., repent, rejoice).

Passive Morpheme: Appears in the 3rd person singular or plural and can switch to normal passive voice. Example: 'Rooms were rented'.

Impersonal Morpheme: Always appears in the 3rd person singular. Example: 'They were notified of that'.

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1. Guardianship: Care Within the Own Family

This measure involves the assumption of guardianship of a child or adolescent by the DGAIA (Direcció General d'Atenció a la Infància i l'Adolescència) while parents retain custody. The family receives psychosocial support, which can be personal or economic. Professionals conduct ongoing case tracking to monitor the child's evolution.

2. Extended Family Foster Care (Kinship Care)

This involves the temporary placement of a child who cannot remain with their parents due to serious socioeconomic or personal difficulties, with a person or family with whom there is a kinship relationship. The foster caregivers have the obligation to supervise, feed, educate, and ensure the child's complete development... Continue reading "Child Protection Measures and Placement Options" »

Lease of Rustic Property

Villamartin de Campos (Palencia)

Between

Lessor: D. Julian Merino Ortega, DNI: 12628114-X, resident of Sestao

Lessee: D. ____________________________________________, ID: ____________________, resident of ______________________

The parties agree as follows:

1. Property Description

Don Julián Ortega Murphy owns the following rural property:

2. Lease Terms

The parties agree to lease the property under the following conditions:

1. Lease Period: Five years, beginning on ____________________________ and ending on __________________________. The lessee agrees to leave the property at the owner's disposal upon termination of the lease without prior notification.
2. Rent: _______________ euros (__________

The Social Contract: From Nature to Civil Society

The Social Contract is the foundational covenant by which individuals agree to transition from a hypothetical State of Nature to a Civil State. The State of Nature, a concept advocated by philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, aims to explain the human condition prior to the formation of organized society. It posits that humans are not inherently social in the civil sense, a view that contrasts with Aristotle's idea of man as a "political animal."

For Immanuel Kant, the State of Nature was characterized by a blind, semi-wild freedom, constant threat, and a lack of laws and order, where the use of force predominated. While private possessions might exist, they were insecure... Continue reading "The Social Contract and Cosmopolitan Law: Foundations of Political Order" »

Personal Identity

Personal identity is the awareness of oneself as a separate entity from the outside world.

Questions Concerning the Human Condition

Questions concerning the human condition are those that attempt to respond to the great enigmas of life.

Moral Inquiry

Moral inquiry refers to questions that try to answer dilemmas such as: "What should I do?"

Societal Challenges and Ethical Responses

Addressing societal challenges and ethical responses involves responding to the aspirations and difficulties of daily life in our societies.

Personality

Personality is the set of characteristics that determine the way of being and acting in a person.

Feelings

Feelings are all emotions, sensations, and sentiments that arise in us when we relate to the things... Continue reading "Essential Concepts of Identity, Ethics, and Society" »

Nominal and Real Definitions of Philosophy

Nominal Definition (Etymological): Philo: Love, Sophia: Wisdom. Love of, or tendency towards, wisdom.

Real Definition: Study of entities in their finality. There is no universal agreement on a single definition.

Conditions Favoring the Emergence of Philosophy

1. Geographical Conditions: The barren land necessitated the importation of culture.
2. Eastern Influence: The East provided a stimulus, particularly through the concept of metempsychosis.
3. Absence of Sacred Texts: This allowed for more open inquiry.
4. Political Circumstances: The political climate fostered intellectual discourse.

Mythos and Logos

Most textbooks discuss a transition, or jump, from one form of explanation (mythos) to another (logos). According to... Continue reading "Introduction to Philosophy: Pre-Socratics and Socrates" »