Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Philosophy and ethics

Is Simultaneous Interpretation a Stressful Occupation?

Yes. The sustained alertness and concentration required to perform this job well have been compared to those required of an air-traffic controller. However, for that very reason, interpreters’ associations have developed standards governing workload, team strength, and equipment, based on medical studies, which are intended to keep the workload and cumulative stress within reasonable limits.

Public Speaking Skills

Public speaking is an important part of training to become an interpreter for several reasons:

• Overcoming Shyness: Many people studious enough to have acquired a thorough grasp of two or more working languages tend to be of a somewhat shy and retiring disposition and, when faced

Durkheim's View on Religion's Social Role

Religion provided meaning in life, authority figures, and most importantly for Durkheim, it reinforced the morals and social norms held collectively by all within a society. Far from dismissing religion as mere fantasy, despite its natural origin, Durkheim saw it as a critical part of the social system.

Religion serves several vital social functions:

• Social Control: Guiding behavior and maintaining order.
• Cohesion: Uniting individuals through shared beliefs and practices.
• Purpose: Providing individuals with a sense of meaning and direction.
• Communication and Gathering: Offering a means for individuals to interact and reaffirm social norms.

The Sacred and the Profane: Durkheim's Distinction

Durkheim's second... Continue reading "Durkheim's Sociology of Religion: Sacred, Profane, and Social Cohesion" »

Qualities of a Good Negotiator

Knowledge

Understand the other party's needs and perspectives.

Communication

Clearly state your desired outcome from the start. Pay attention to both verbal and non-verbal communication, including voice and body language. Avoid aggressive behavior.

Confidence and Listening

Project self-confidence and practice active listening to understand the other party's point of view.

Types of Negotiation

Win-Win

Both sides benefit, leading to voluntarily accepted resolutions. Integrative bargaining aims for win-win outcomes through cooperation.

Win-Lose

Only one side perceives the outcome as positive, making voluntary acceptance less likely.

Lose-Lose

All parties end up worse off.

Negotiation Advice

• Strive for win-win outcomes.
• Maintain

Reflections on Dr. Mario Sergio's Insights

In a compelling video, Dr. Mario Sergio discussed the crucial relationship between ethics and coexistence in a society. He highlighted that our generation faces a significant ethical deficit. Dr. Sergio emphasized that ethics is the "aesthetics of our inner selves," cultivated through discipline and a clear understanding of right and wrong. This ethical foundation, he argued, must be established during childhood.

The Importance of Early Ethical Education

Dr. Sergio quoted a popular saying: "The world we leave to our children depends heavily on the children we leave to this world." This underscores the need to instill strong values and ethical principles in our youth. He referenced the letters of the Apostle... Continue reading "Ethics and Social Harmony: Cultivating a Better Future" »

A human action can be considered as a moral action whether it has the following characteristics:

1. It is done by adjusting to a code or a set of moral rules and values. These rules and values designate what should be considered as morally good or bad, advisable or inadvisable, etc. In the next section we will study what the moral values and rules are.
2. This moral code should not be imposed by the society to the people, but each individual must be free to choose it. For example, I must be free to choose whether or not euthanasia is something acceptable from a moral point of view. For this reason, morality is above all an individual matter related to the autonomy of each person.
3. Being free when acting is something extremely important when assessing

John Stuart Mill: A Pioneer of Liberalism

John Stuart Mill, a nineteenth-century philosopher, was a fresh mind who injected new ideas into England and the history of Liberalism and Social Theory. In his seminal work, On Liberty, he assumes a different angle when looking at the structure of our society, ranging from the modern mindset to government rule.

The Sovereignty of the Individual

John Stuart Mill was a champion of individual liberty. He posited that no human being should play master to another. Furthermore, every human being is considered sovereign over his or her own body. An individual is at liberty to do anything with their body, provided it does not interfere with others. This is deemed to provide utility to the individual and society... Continue reading "John Stuart Mill: Individual Liberty and Social Theory" »

Cultural Relativism

A. One common moral theory covered by Gensler is Cultural Relativism. Many people fall back on this position when confronted about ethical dilemmas. Define “good” according to Cultural Relativism (2 pts.). Explain how someone would employ Cultural Relativism in addressing an ethical dilemma by giving a concrete example (3 pts.). Gensler presents several counterarguments against Cultural Relativism, however. Present one of those arguments in detail as you understand it (5 pts.).

Definition of 'Good' (2 pts.)

1. According to Cultural Relativism, “good” is what is socially approved.

Concrete Example (3 pts.)

2. Concrete example = My girlfriend and I want to move in together but my parents are very religious and don’t believe... Continue reading "Cultural Relativism & Subjectivism: Definitions, Examples, Objections" »

S173 CA 2006: Duty to Exercise Independent Judgment

Under Section 173 of the Companies Act 2006, directors must exercise independent judgment. A primary authority for this is Fulham Football Club v Cabra Estates.

S174 CA 2006: Duty of Reasonable Care and Skill

This duty is divided into an objective test and a subjective test:

• Objective Test: The relevant skills and experience expected of an ordinary director.
• Subjective Test: The relevant skills and experience expected of that particular director.

Key cases include Re Brazilian Rubber Plantation and Re Denham.

S175 CA 2006: Duty to Avoid Conflicts of Interest

Directors are under a duty to avoid relevant conflicts of interest. This principle was examined in Aberdeen Railway v Blaikie Brothers.

Aberdeen

Lease vs License: Key Legal Distinctions

Application of Berrisford v Mexfield

However, Berrisford v Mexfield only applies to individual leases and not corporate bodies or commercial leases. As such, it is very clear that the Supreme Court (SC) is trying to save individual, domestic, and residential leases to avoid injustice.

In Southwork Corporation v Walker, the courts looked at the intention of the parties to determine whether they were trying to create a lease or license, which again prevents injustice.

Requirement for Exclusive Possession

Denying Exclusive Possession

The second requirement is that there must be exclusive possession. Mostly, landlords will try to deny the occupiers exclusive possession as it would make them the actual owner of... Continue reading "Lease vs License: Exclusive Possession and Legal Precedents" »

The Importance of Having Goals in Life

All humans have goals to accomplish in life. Some are achievable, and some are not, but we should always have hope. It doesn't matter if you can perform it or not. These are the goals that fill us with hope and faith. Also, they guide us and show which path to follow. Without those goals, we could not define exactly where we wanted to go. In this text, I will explain what my goals are and why it is good to have goals in life, and we will realize that life would be meaningless without them.

My Primary Goal: Becoming a Nurse

First, I always thought that having goals in life is good, and I have so many, but today I am going to mention the one which is the most important one. It's something I want to be in the... Continue reading "Achieving Aspirations: The Significance of Setting Life Goals" »