Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Philosophy and ethics

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Key Concepts in Business Ethics

1. Terminal values: Preferences about desired end states.
2. Instrumental values: Preferences regarding the means to desired ends.
3. Procedural justice: Concerned that policies and rules are fairly applied.
4. Distributive justice: Concerned that people are treated the same regardless of personal characteristics.
5. Interactional justice: The degree to which others are treated with dignity and respect.
6. Cultural relativism: Suggests there is no one right way to behave; ethical behaviour is determined by its cultural context.
7. Ethical dilemma: A situation that, although offering potential benefit or gain, may be considered unethical.
8. Ethics training: Seeks to help people understand the ethical aspects of decision-

Animal Anatomy and Features

External Body Parts

• Antennae: Butterfly, Snail
• Antlers: Deer
• Arms: Monkey, Gorilla
• Beak: Birds
• Claws: Lion, Dog, Eagle
• Fangs: Lion, Snake, Cat, Dog
• Feathers: Birds
• Fins: Fish, Dolphins
• Front Legs: (Patas delanteras)
• Fur: Dog, Lion
• Gills: Fish
• Hind Legs: Gorilla, Lion
• Hooves: Horse, Sheep, Deer
• Horn: Cow, Rhino
• Knuckles: Gorilla, Monkey
• Mane: Lion, Horse
• Palms: Gorilla
• Paws: Dog, Tiger
• Scales: Fish, Snake, Armadillo
• Shell: Tortoise, Snail
• Tail: Bird, Lion, Horse
• Tentacles: Octopus, Squid
• Tusks: Elephant, Walrus
• Whiskers: Cat
• Wings: Bird, Bat

Animal Vocalizations

• ROAR: Lion
• MIAOW: Cat
• BARK: Dog
• HISS: Snake
• WHISTLE: Dolphin
• SQUAWK: Parrot
• CHATTER: Monkey
• SQUEAK: Mouse
• BUZZ: Bee

Animal Idioms in English

These phrases use animal references:

• Be in the dog house:

Understanding Key Social Principles

The principle of subsidiarity derives from the Christian notion of society. It also determines the State's obligation to take additional, exceptional, complementary, and supportive action in social sectors or functions when society is unable to achieve its goals independently. It aims to promote and assist society. Main characteristics include:

1. It is a principle of reason, not of faith, limiting the natural rights of individuals and social groups.
2. It comprehends both dimensions of social life: the relationship between vertical and horizontal dimensions based on respect for and promotion of social freedom.
3. It is a grave, immutable principle, universal in time and space.
4. It self-adapts to each country and circumstance

Interdependent and Indivisible

All human rights are indivisible, whether they are civil and political rights, such as the right to life, equality before the law and freedom of expression; economic, social and cultural rights, such as the rights to work, social security and education, or collective rights, such as the rights to development and self-determination. They are indivisible, interrelated and interdependent. The improvement of one right facilitates advancement of the others. Likewise, the deprivation of one right adversely affects the others.

Equal and Non-Discriminatory

Non-discrimination is a cross-cutting principle in international human rights law. The principle is present in all the major human rights treaties and provides the central... Continue reading "Core Principles of Human Rights" »

Understanding Health Insurance Basics

Medicaid vs. Medicare

Medicaid: Medical assistance for low-income persons or families. This is "means-tested," meaning eligibility is based on income.

Medicare: Health insurance for those aged 65 and older, certain individuals under 65 with disabilities, or those with End-Stage Renal Disease. Funded by employer-employee taxes from paychecks.

Medicare Parts

• Part A: Hospital Insurance
• Part B: Medical Insurance (includes options like HMO, PPO, fee-for-service)
• Part D: Prescription Drug Coverage

Medigap (Medicare Supplemental Insurance)

Private insurance plans designed to fill in "gaps" not covered by Medicare.

→ Each policy typically covers one person.

Limits Set by Insurance Companies

• Per Claim Maximum: The maximum

The Making of Amends for Wrong or Injury Done - Reparation

Tending to Talk a Great Deal - Loquacious

To Prove to Be False or Erroneous, as an Opinion or Charge - Refutable

Showing Great Attention to Detail, Very Careful and Precise - Meticulous

A Right or Privilege Exclusive to a Particular Individual or Class - Prerogative

A Person New to or Inexperienced in a Field or Situation - Novice

Dangerously High or Steep - Precipitous

The Ability to Make Good Judgements and Quick Decisions, Typically in a Particular Domain - Acumen

Having or Showing a Strong or Unreasoning Desire for Revenge - Vindictive

A Spontaneous or Natural Liking Sympathy for Someone or Something - Affinity

Not Conspicuous or Attracting Attention - Unobtrusive

The Character and Atmosphere... Continue reading "Reparation, Loquacious, Refutable, and More: Vocabulary Words Explained" »

Ethan Frome: The Passive Protagonist

Although the novel’s introductory and concluding passages are told from the narrator’s point of view, the bulk of the novel unfolds from Ethan Frome’s perspective and centers on his actions. Whereas the other characters in the narrative remain opaque, we are allowed access to all of Ethan’s thoughts as his life approaches a crisis. He can be seen as the protagonist of the story.

In spite of the fact that Ethan contemplates an adulterous affair, Wharton renders him a generally sympathetic character by making extreme efforts to depict his wife, Zeena, as an appallingly unsympathetic figure. Even if we don’t condone Ethan’s desire for another woman, we understand his motivations. We never doubt his... Continue reading "Ethan Frome Character Analysis and Literary Themes" »

Coordinated Propositions

• Intercourse: and, or
• Dilemmas: or, or
• Adversity: but, however
• Explanation: that is, or
• Dilemma: because...because, well...well, some...others

Subordinate Clauses

Adjective Clauses

Introduced by: what, who, where, when, how, whose, which.

Noun Clauses

Introduced by: that, if, who, what, where, how, when.

Adverbial Clauses

• Time: then, later, soon, now, today, if, etc.
• Place: here, there, where, far, near, up, down, etc.
• Manner: so, as, as if, following, well, badly, fairly, etc.
• Comparison: as much as, rather than, less than, more than, equal to, greater than, less than, better than, worse than, etc.
• Cause: because, since, as, having been produced, etc.
• Consequence: so that, so, therefore, etc.
• Condition: if, provided that, etc.
• Concession:

Plato's Relationship with Other Authors in Platonic Thought

Undoubtedly, the philosophy of Plato is a crucial point in the history of Western thought. Although Whitehead claimed that the history of philosophy is merely a footnote on Plato's thought, the fact remains that the Western philosophical tradition has either reaffirmed or rejected his ideas in every subsequent thinker.

Hence, attempting to relate Plato's philosophy to other authors can be an endless task. From this perspective, we will link and compare Plato's thought with some of the most representative figures in the Western cultural tradition.

Comparison with Parmenides

First, we consider the philosophy of Parmenides, who, like Plato, relegated the world of the senses to the background.... Continue reading "Plato's Philosophy: Connections to Western Thinkers" »