Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Philosophy and ethics

Comprehensive Vocabulary Glossary

• Wheedle: To coax by using sly persuasion or insincere praise.
• Detract: To take away, especially from the value, beauty, or importance of.
• Emancipate: To set free from slavery; to liberate.
• Insuperable: Incapable of being overcome or defeated.
• Intermittent: Not continuous; happening at intervals.
• Obligatory: Required or demanded.
• Vagabond: A person who wanders from place to place.
• Bewail: To express deep regret or sorrow over.
• Destitute: Without resources or possessions, especially the necessities of life; lacking; devoid of.
• Extol: To praise highly.
• Flamboyant: Excessively showy; unrestrained.
• Impetus: A driving force; anything that causes an action.
• Maxim: A general truth or rule of conduct; a short saying.
• Plumb: To measure

Core Principles Governing Insurance Contracts

Utmost Good Faith (Uberrimae Fidei)

The principle of Utmost Good Faith requires the insured party to disclose all material information to the insurance company (insurer).

• Material information is any data that would affect the insurer’s decision to provide coverage and/or determine the premium charged.
• When completing the proposal form (application form), all questions must be answered truthfully.
• If the insurer discovers that material information was withheld (e.g., during a claim), the contract becomes null and void, resulting in no compensation.

The Principle of Insurable Interest

Insurable Interest dictates that you can only insure something in which you have a legal relationship and a personal financial... Continue reading "5 Essential Principles of Insurance Law and Claims" »

How to Write a Thesis Statement

Features of the Analytical Genre

1. Never use personal pronouns (I, me, my, we, us, our, you, etc.).
2. No rhetorical questions.
3. Do not use figurative language yourself.
4. No contractions (don't = do not).
5. Events in the novel are written in present tense ("Falk goes to Gretchen's").

Structure of an Analytical Essay

Purpose of an Analytical Essay

1. The entire purpose of an analytical essay is to respond (answer) to an essay-question analyzing evidence to support/justify your response.
2. In order to respond (answer) the essay question, you must create your thesis statement.
3. Your thesis statement is your response to the question. It is the purpose of your essay. It will dictate what you write in your body paragraphs.

Thesis Statements

1. A

Essential Vocabulary for Everyday English Communication

Money and Shopping

• Bargains: Something cheap.
• Browsing: Looking around in a shop, comparing prices.
• Can't afford: Can't pay for it.
• Clubbed together: Saving money with someone.
• Designer label: Exclusive named brand.
• Economical with the truth: Not the whole truth.
• Fork out: Spend a lot of money on something.
• Help themselves: To take as much as they wanted.
• Overdrawn: With no money.
• Redundancies: Firing employees.
• Splash out: Spend an extravagant sum of money.
• Stingy: Unwilling to give or spend; not generous.
• Tax havens: Not paying taxes.

Media and Communication

• Billboard: A big publicity advertisement.
• Biased: Favorable to some ideas.
• Broadcast: Emit on mass media.
• Censorship: Not being able to express yourself.

1. Saussure's Langue and Barthes's Myth

Langue

Saussure's concept of langue refers to the underlying system of rules and conventions that govern a language. It's the internal structure, understood by a social group, that allows for communication. While rarely consciously considered in daily life, langue provides the framework for linguistic expression.

Myth

Barthes's concept of myth builds upon Saussure's work. He argues that signs don't inherently possess meaning; meaning is arbitrary and culturally constructed. Myths are created through connotations attached to objects, making these associations feel natural. Advertisements often leverage myths to enhance product appeal.

Example of Myth in Advertising

A recent car commercial depicts a rugged,... Continue reading "Semiotics, Masculinity, and Verisimilitude in Media" »

Humanism is the belief that humanity possesses inherent beauty, worth, and dignity. Therefore, life here on Earth should be cherished rather than simply endured.

Why Humanism Developed

As the power of the Church began to decline, humanism grew in popularity

Before we delve into humanism and the effect it had on the individual, we must first discuss the reasons behind its development. During the Middle Ages (approximately the 3rd through 13th centuries), life and culture were primarily focused on the Church and religion. However, toward the beginning of the 14th century, the power of the Church began to greatly decline. This decline is the main reason for the development of humanism, as people became less interested in thinking about God, the afterlife,... Continue reading "The Rise of Humanism: Impact on Individual Independence" »

3. What is this allegory about? What characters intervene in it? What happens to the prisoner from the beginning to the end? Could it be based on some historical character? Who?

Plato believed that we exist in a physical world, akin to a cave, where we perceive only shadows and appearances. This allegory symbolizes the state of uneducated individuals and serves as the foundation of human existence. Beyond the cave lies the realm of ideas.

The central figure in this allegory is the prisoner, who undergoes a transformative journey from darkness to enlightenment.

Initially, we find ourselves chained, fixated on a wall, perceiving mere shadows. However, through education, we can break free and venture into the outside world. Yet, upon returning to... Continue reading "The Allegory of the Cave: Exploring Plato's Metaphorical Journey" »

Theme 5: Virginia Woolf

A very simple definition of feminism would emphasize that it's about having women’s voices heard, their ideas taken seriously, and having their demands for equality and basic rights incorporated into everyday “democratic” life.

Her Story: A Feminist Perspective

The early history of feminism can be seen in the existence of a cliché word which helps to express this, known as the problem of her story. It may be something of an overused term, but it’s a useful starting point. History needed, needs, and will need to be balanced by her story.

Lana Rakow has distinguished between four feminist approaches to popular culture:

1. The recovery and reappraisal approach
2. The images and representations approach
3. The reception and experience

Oscar Wilde: A Literary Icon of the Victorian Era

Oscar Wilde's Early Life

Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin in 1854.

Academic Journey

He attended Trinity College and earned a degree from Oxford University.

Personal Life and Controversies

In 1883, he married Constance Lloyd, who bore him two children. However, he soon grew tired of his marriage. In 1891, he met Lord Alfred Douglas, with whom he had a homosexual relationship, leading to Wilde's imprisonment for homosexual offences.

Philosophical Influences and Aestheticism

Wilde was a disciple of Walter Pater and embraced the theory of Art for Art's Sake. He believed that only Art, as the cult of Beauty, could prevent the murder of the soul.

Public Persona in London

Settling in London, Wilde became a fashionable... Continue reading "Oscar Wilde: Life, Works, and Aesthetic Philosophy" »

Nietzsche's Vitalism: A Response to 19th Century Thought

The 19th century was characterized by bourgeois revolutions against authoritarian regimes, the rise of liberalism, and rapid industrialization. In this scientific and cultural atmosphere, a series of philosophies like Vitalism emerged as a reaction against positivist excesses, marking the transition to the 20th century in the period prior to the First World War.

Vitalism and its Core Tenets

Among these transitional currents, Vitalism focused on aspects undervalued by positivism, such as life, the spirit, freedom, and history. Vitalism was mainly represented by Friedrich Nietzsche, who considered life as the radical reality. Nietzsche was deeply influenced by Schopenhauer's irrationalism.... Continue reading "Nietzsche's Vitalism: Shaping 19th Century Western Philosophy" »