Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Philosophy and ethics

Septimus and Clarissa: Contrasting Perspectives in Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway

Introduction

Septimus and Clarissa, two central characters in Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway, embody contrasting perspectives on life and the world. Septimus, a World War I veteran, struggles with mental illness and withdraws from reality, while Clarissa, a member of high society, embraces the social world.

Septimus: The Tormented Mind

Septimus is haunted by the horrors he witnessed during the war. His mind is fragmented, and he experiences hallucinations and delusions. He refuses to face reality and retreats into his own world, where he finds solace in nature and art.

Clarissa: The Social Butterfly

In contrast to Septimus, Clarissa is deeply involved in the social... Continue reading "Septimus and Clarissa: Contrasting Perspectives in Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway" »

Prison and Punishment

Today, people have different ideas about prison and the punishment. They have many questions about whether the treatment given to prisoners is fair or unfair.

Advantages of Prisons

The main function of prisons is to separate normal people, whose behavior is good, from those who commit crimes. Another advantage is that criminals have a chance to rejoin society and become valuable citizens.

Disadvantages of Prisons

The biggest disadvantage is the lack of privacy, as prisoners live in small rooms with others. I believe the punishment should involve work for society, as staying in prison surrounded by criminals may not be helpful in returning to society as an ordinary person.

Proposed Changes

Prisons should provide more space, job... Continue reading "Prison and Underage Behavior: Advantages and Disadvantages" »

1. Not to Let One's Feelings Appear in One's Face

Context: Julia hurt her arm and Winston does not really know how to feel towards it, but he was watching how Julia's facial expression did not change was a matter of instinct especially because of the telescreen.

Significance: It shows how the party has so much control of how emotions are portrayed.

2. I Love You

Context: Winston is in his cubicle when he sees a paper on his desk, he assumes it's the thought police but it wasn't from them. When he reads the note he is shocked.

Significance: It shows how they are so numb to emotion and that when they're confronted with it, they don't know how to react.

3. Always Yell with the Crowd, That's What I Say

Context: Julia is talking to Winston when they meet... Continue reading "Emotion and Control in 1984: A Study of Party Influence" »

Ontological Argument

This argument was formulated by rationalist and idealist philosophers such as Saint Anselm of Canterbury and René Descartes. The ontological argument is an argument for God's existence based entirely on reason. It is based on ideas, not on realities. There is no need to search for physical evidence of God's existence.

• Everyone has an idea of God as the greatest conceivable being.
• It is greater to exist than not to exist.
• Therefore, God exists.

This is an a priori argument because it doesn't need experience. God's existence is proved before having any experience of Him.

The First Cause Argument

This argument is based on experience of the universe. The first cause argument is used by realist philosophers, such as Saint Thomas Aquinas.... Continue reading "Exploring Arguments for and Against God's Existence" »

The political system is the set of rules and institutions that regulate the functioning of a society as a whole. The form of these institutions and the rules governing them vary directly with the economic structure that serves as their basis. According to Marx, in class societies, the State is an instrument at the service of the dominant classes who control the means of production.

The Ideological Superstructure

Refers to a set of religious, philosophical, economic, moral, or political representations that people maintain or develop at a time and within a given society. Its purpose is to ensure certain relationships between people and legitimize their living conditions. This ideology has two uses:

• Regarding the exploited, ideology makes them accept

Monotheism

Religious belief that affirms the existence of only one God.

Multiculturalism

Cultural phenomenon that involves the coexistence of cultural groups, which have very different origins, within the same society.

Myth

Story that incorporates elements of fantasy to explain the origin of a natural or social reality.

Objective Knowledge

Knowledge of reality as it really is, without being compromised or distorted by subjective knowledge.

Pantheism

Philosophical doctrine that involves identifying God with nature. It affirms the divine nature of reality in its entirety. It can, therefore, be considered to be a form of monism. This concept was notably explored by philosopher Baruch Spinoza.

Person

Individual substance of rational nature. Roman philosopher... Continue reading "Glossary of Philosophical and Cultural Terms" »

The Principle of Solidarity

We are all responsible for helping others, protecting and caring for vulnerable people. If we practiced generosity, there might not be a need for the extensive welfare systems we have. Solidarity particularly highlights the intrinsic social nature of the human person, the equality of all in dignity and rights, and the common path of individuals and peoples towards an ever more committed unity. Solidarity represents a moral value to pursue the common good and social virtue, aiming to achieve justice.

The Principle of Subsidiarity

Governments should not intervene in problems that can be resolved effectively by families or lower-level associations. The State has a role of guidance and protection; it should be at the service... Continue reading "Solidarity, Subsidiarity, and Social Justice Principles" »