Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Philosophy and ethics

Essential English Vocabulary Definitions

Common Synonyms and Phrases

• Actually: Really
• Blind: Unable to see
• Broke out: To start a war
• Concessions: Favourable responses
• Cruelly: Brutally
• Despair: Extreme frustration
• Disobedience: Resistance
• Eventually: In the end
• However: Nevertheless
• To book: Reserve
• Large: Big
• Miserable: Wretched
• Murdered: Assassinated
• Not accepting: Refuse
• Nowadays: At present
• Peaceful: Non-violent
• Refusing: Not accepting
• Spilt: Divided
• Theft: Robbery
• To continue: Carry on
• To divide: Break up
• To murder: To kill
• To repair: To fix
• To return: To give back
• To spilt: To discord
• To state: To declare
• To struggle: To fight
• To sum up: Summarize
• To surrender: Give up
• Very angry: Furious
• Went back: Returned

Legal and Social Terminology

• Arrest: To catch someone using

Incarcerate

To imprison, confine, jail

Indulgent

Lenient, characterized by excess generosity; overly tolerant

Illicit

Forbidden by law; improper; unauthorized

Inundate

To cover by overflowing; to flood; to overwhelm (as if by a flood)

Inscrutable

Mysterious or obscure; hard to grasp; not easily understood

Intercede

To plead, or petition, on another's behalf

Irrevocable

Not capable of being retracted, recalled, or withdrawn; unalterable

Impair

To make worse; to damage or weaken

Incorrigible

Incapable of being reformed or improved; very bad

Impassive

Having, or revealing, no emotion; Still or motionless

Ludicrous

Ridiculous, laughable, absurd

Litigation

A legal proceeding in a court; a judicial contest to determine and enforce legal rights

Magnanimous

Generous in overlooking... Continue reading "Vocabulary Enrichment: Essential Words for Effective Communication" »

Vicarious Liability in Employment Law

Key Conditions for Employment (Mackenna J)

Mackenna J outlined three conditions for a contract of employment:

1. The employee agrees to provide their work and skills to the employer in return for a wage.
2. The employee agrees, expressly or impliedly, to be directed as to the mode of performance.
3. The terms of the contract are consistent with a contract of employment.

Atkin's Approach to Employment

Courts may be prepared to find a relationship akin to employment if it is just, fair, and reasonable to impose vicarious liability as a whole.

Case Example: In JGE v Portsmouth, a judge ruled that a Bishop in the Roman Catholic Church was vicariously liable for sexual abuse committed by a priest.

Cases on Vicarious Liability

Various

Lack of Internal Democracy in Indian Political Parties

The lack of internal democracy within political parties in India is a significant concern, stemming from several key reasons:

• Concentration of Power: There is a strong tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or a few leaders at the top.
• Irregular Internal Processes: Parties often do not hold regular organizational meetings or conduct internal elections consistently.
• Limited Member Influence: Many members lack the necessary means or connections to significantly influence party decisions.
• Absence of Membership Registers: Parties frequently do not maintain proper membership registers, making internal accountability difficult.

These characteristics are observable in... Continue reading "Indian Political Parties: Internal Democracy & Global Systems" »

1. Double Salary?

Justify: 'Accept the offer'

• In USA business is governed by law and contract. There is apparently no relevant non-compete (stand-down) clause in her current contract.
• She should show them the new offer and ask them to pay her more than the new offer, or perhaps to match it. They had evidently been underpaying her.
• Point out that the other company evidently has found a way of making better use of her skills in order to serve the market or customer 'needs', that is, 'to drive forward the industry of mankind' for the common good; so she arguably has a moral obligation to accept it and move into that position

2. Wendy's Ads

Justify: Continue to advertise

• Our tests validate our claim and our ads refer to our tests only. It obviously depends

Moksha: Liberation

- Moksha is the end of the death and rebirth cycle and is classed as the fourth and ultimate artha (goal). It is achieved by overcoming ignorance and desires.

Jivas: Individual Souls

- Jivas are individual souls that come from water (chaos, universe) then illumination (order, liberation) then reincarnate.

- They are bound by maya, which hides their true self, which is characterized by eternal existence, consciousness, and bliss. There are an infinite number of jivas.

Mahayana: The Big Raft/ Karuna (Compassion)

- It literally means "Great Vehicle" and teaches universal salvation with emphasis on social concerns.

Bhagavad: Hindu Text

- Became an important work of Hindu tradition in terms of both literature and philosophy.

Tanha: Life

English Grammar: Conjunctions, Transitions, and Prepositions

Conjunctions (Clause Connectors)

• Because, as, since: Introduce a cause.
  • Example: Because it was raining, I stayed at home.
• So: Introduces an effect.
  • Example: It was raining, so I stayed at home.

Transitions (Sentence Connectors)

• Therefore, consequently, as a result: Introduce an effect, connecting two complete sentences.
  • Example: It was raining; therefore, I stayed home.

Prepositions (Noun Phrase Connectors)

• Due to, because of, as a result of: Introduce a cause in the form of a noun phrase.
  • Example: I stayed at home due to the rain.
  • Example: Because of the rain, I stayed at home.

Expressing Result and Reason

Understanding how different connectors express cause (reason) or effect (result) is crucial... Continue reading "Mastering English Connectors and Social Terminology" »

The Abortion Debate: Points For and Against

Abortion is a deeply sensitive issue that has generated significant controversy and discussion among children, adolescents, and adults for several years. It is a subject that has had a profound effect on society. For this reason, it is crucial to consider the following points in favor of or against this issue.

Arguments for Legalization

• Protecting Maternal Health and Safety

  One primary argument in favor of legalizing abortion, particularly in cases of rape or when the mother's life or health is at risk, is the prevention of maternal mortality. When this medical procedure is performed illegally, it often leads to unsafe practices by unqualified individuals, significantly increasing the risk of complications

The Societal Impact of Music Content

Currently, one of the issues that has generated much controversy and discussion among children, adolescents, and adults, and about which society has been complaining for several years, is about (...), a subject which has caused a negative effect on society. For this reason, we must consider the following points in favor of or against this issue.

Arguments Regarding Music Content

• Point in Favor: Music as Relaxation and Therapy

  First of all, we must start with a point in favor of music: as a process of relaxation, music can be used to relax and have fun. This practice is widely known as **music therapy**.

• Point Against: Negative Song Content

  Secondly, a point against is the poor content of these songs, which currently

Chapter 5 Vocabulary

blithely

Cheerfully, without any cares.

dogcart

A small horse-drawn cart.

manifestly

Obviously.

ratified

Approved.

canvassing

Trying to gain support.

innovations

New things or ideas.

silage

A method of preserving grass for cattle feed.

basic slag

Fertiliser.

incubators

Apparatuses for hatching eggs.

closeted

Shut up in a small private room.

urinated

Pissed, peed.

procured

Got, acquired.

restive

Uneasy, ready to break free of control.

advocating

Putting forward an idea, arguing in support of something.

marshal

Put in order, gather together.

articulate

Able to put thoughts into words.

moonshine

Silly plan.

watchword

Motto.

disinterred

Dug up from his grave.

Chapter 6 Vocabulary

utilize

Use.

governess-cart

A light horse-drawn vehicle.

superintendence

Direction, management.