Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other subjects

Vocabulary Pricing

Penetration Pricing

When a company offers a limited-time discount and then raises the price. Examples: telephone agencies, insurance.

Premium Pricing

A strategy where a company prices its product higher than competitors. Examples: Apple, Ferrari.

Price Skimming

A strategy where a firm charges the highest initial price customers will pay and then gradually lowers it. Example: Apple lowers the price of previous iPhone models when they release a new one.

Captive Pricing

A strategy used for products with a core component and expensive accessories. Example: Printing machines are cheap, but the necessary accessories are expensive.

Predatory Pricing

The illegal act of setting prices low to eliminate competition.

Loss Leadership Pricing

Involves... Continue reading "Pricing Strategies, AIDA Model, Persuasive Techniques, and Advertising Appeals in Marketing" »

Operations research (OR) is an analytical method of problem-solving and decision-making that is useful in the management of organizations. In operations research, problems are broken down into basic components and then solved in defined steps by mathematical analysis.

The process of operations research can be broadly broken down into the following steps:

1. Identifying a problem that needs to be solved.
2. Constructing a model around the problem that resembles the real world and variables.
3. Using the model to derive solutions to the problem.
4. Testing each solution on the model and analyzing its success.
5. Implementing the solution to the actual problem.

Disciplines that are similar to, or overlap with, operations research include statistical analysis, management... Continue reading "Operations Research: Definition, Characteristics, and Uses" »

TIPES OF TARIFFS :

MINIMUM TARIFF MÍNIMA “M”: minium charge  M= 39,07€
NORMAL TARIFF “N” : shipments between 45 and 100 Kg.
FREIGHT TARIFF “Q”: applied by sections (+100 kg, +300 kg..)
BASIC TARIFF (“B” + “K”): regular journeys in European,
fixed part + addition per kilogram.
SPECIFIC TARIFF “CORATES”: aimed specific goods like
groceries, beverages …

 MULTIMODAL:

If maritime transport is used:
a) If value of goods is not declared:
Maximum compensation = 666,67 DEG x package or 2 DEG x kg of gross
weight ( the biggest value is chosen)
b)If value of goods is declared:
Maximum compensation = value of goods
If maritime transport is not used:
Maximum compensation = 8,33 DEG x kg of gross weight

Purpose of Analysis

Investigating Information System Problems

The main purpose of the analysis stage is to investigate problems within an information system. The solution might involve improvements to the existing system or the creation of a completely new one.

Understanding the Existing System

Systems analysts tasked with investigating the current system may not be familiar with how the organization operates. They need to thoroughly examine the present system to determine user requirements. This involves understanding the purpose of the business or organization and its existing system in terms of inputs, processing, and outputs.

Identifying Constraints

The analysis stage also includes identifying any constraints that might impact the new system.... Continue reading "The Systems Development Life Cycle" »

Service-Related Granularity

Service Granularity represents the functional scope of a service. For example, fine-grained service granularity indicates that there is a small quantity of logic associated with the service's overall functional context.

Capability Granularity: The functional scope of individual service capabilities is represented by this granularity level. For example, a GetDetail capability will tend to have a finer measure of granularity than a GetDocument capability.

Constraint Granularity: The level of validation logic detail is measured by constraint granularity. For example, the more coarse the constraint granularity is, the fewer constraints (or smaller the amount of data validation logic) a given capability will have.

Data Granularity:... Continue reading "Service Granularity, Performance, and Models in REST Architecture" »

Innovation

Innovation is the process and outcome of creating something new and valuable. Schumpeter argued that innovation arises from new combinations made by an entrepreneur, resulting in:

• A new product
• A new process
• Opening a new market
• A new way of organizing the business
• New sources of supply

Characteristics of Innovation

• Object or Target of Change: Innovation involves changing an object or target, which can be a product, process, individual's lifestyle, organization's strategy, or a society's culture.
• Magnitude of Deviation: Innovations vary in extent or magnitude, representing the degree to which they deviate from the past.
• Problem-Solving Focus: Innovation is closely related to problem-solving, as generating and implementing ideas for change

STAFFING

Meaning:

Staffing is the process of attracting, recruiting, selecting, placing, appraising, remunerating, developing, and retaining the best workforce.

Importance of Staffing:

• Effective Managerial Function:
• Leads to Effective Utilization of Human Resources:
• Builds Cordial Relationship:
• Helps Human Resource Development:
• Helps in Effective use of Technology and Other Resources:
• Improves Efficiency:
• Long Term Effect:
• Essential Contribution:
• Provides Job Satisfaction:
• Maintains Harmony: