Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other subjects

Decision-Making in Organizations

Decision: Decision-making is the process of making a selection between two or more courses of action with different outcomes, in order to reach the optimal choice.

Types of Problems

• Structural: Related to organizational structure.
• Situational: These appear sporadically, outside of the usual operations.

Typologies

• Individual: Taken by a single person.
• Group: Taken by several people.

Le Moigne's Levels of Decision-Making

• Level 1: Decisions made by the upper hierarchical level of the company.
• Level 2: Reversible decisions, taken by middle management.
• Level 3: Decisions related to daily operations.

Traditional Decision-Making Approaches

• Programmable: Decisions taken on habitual matters.
• Non-Programmable: New decisions taken when

... Continue reading "Effective Decision-Making and Conflict Resolution in Business" »

DF.GMP: Good Manufacturing Practices Procedure

Buenas prácticas de elaboración.

PNT: Standardized Written Procedures

Standardized written procedures (PNT) are approved according to proper standards, setting and monitoring the activities performed, both in developing a formulation or Master Formula (FM), and in their quality control.

Types of PNT

• General Procedures: Describe general affairs of several departments.
• Specific Procedures: Describe staff and organizational methods or rules of a department, e.g., cleaning tools.

Label Data (Etiket)

1. RP or FM: The name must match the form set out in the National Formulary.
2. Complete Composition: At least the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and excipients.
3. Pharmaceutical Form (FF), Route of Administration,

... Continue reading "Master Formula & Standard Operating Procedures in Pharmacy" »

Evaluation of Oral Expression

Any activity related to Oral Expression (OE) should be evaluated. In some exercises, we will focus only on the most important errors and correct them. In others, we will attempt an overall assessment of the student's expressive capacity. Normally, a good diagnostic evaluation or competition of the expressive power of a student combines more than one test. Some of the most common are:

• Maintaining a dialogue or an informal conversation.
• Reading a text aloud.
• Making a brief, self-managed intervention: an argument, a comment, a narrative, etc.
• Reacting to a specific situation that requires a formula, routines, and a special language.

In most modern OE tests, students discuss in small groups and interact. Regarding criteria... Continue reading "Oral Expression Assessment and Correction in Primary Education" »

... Continue reading "Airflow Dynamics: Key Concepts in HVAC Systems" »

Administration: A Universal Phenomenon

Effective decision-making is crucial for a firm to achieve sound investments and excellent results. It always requires systematic coordination of resources. Administration is present in various contexts, including the state, the military, companies, educational institutions, and religious societies.

The Administrative Process: Key Management Functions

Planning: Setting Goals and Action Paths

A procedure for establishing goals and a course of action to achieve them.

Organization: Structuring Efforts for Goals

The process of structuring the efforts of two or more people working together to achieve a goal or a series of specific goals.

Direction: Guiding Group and Organizational Activities

Its function is to direct... Continue reading "Mastering Business Administration: Functions, Principles, and Strategic Planning" »

Learning by Discovery

Discovery is when the instructor provides all the necessary tools for individuals to discover for themselves what they want to learn.

Forms of Discovery

Induction

Induction involves the collection and reorganization of data to reach a new category, concept, or generalization. Two types of lessons use inductive discovery:

• Open Inductive Discovery Lesson: Its primary purpose is to give children experience in a particular search process: the process of categorization or classification. There is no specific category or generalization that the teacher expects the child to discover. The lesson aims at learning how to learn "in the sense of learning to organize data."
• Structured Inductive Discovery Lesson: Its main aim is that children

... Continue reading "Learning by Discovery: Methods and Lesson Types" »

పదుల పరిశీలన z అడిటర్ పుస్తకాలతో నమోదు కాబడిన వాస్తవాలను గురించి తెలియచేయును. అంతేగాని మేనేజ్మెంట్ యొక్క విధానాల గురించి దాని ఏ మూలానుగుణ్యముగా వచ్చునో తెలుసుకొనుటకు ఆధారాలుగా తీసుకొని వాస్తవాలను వెలికి తీయవచ్చును.

ప్రణాళిక విధానాలు అమలు చేయడానికి ఆడిట్ చేయడానికి వేదికలు అవసరమవుతాయి.... Continue reading "Auditor's Review: Verifying Facts and Management Practices" »

Powers of School Management

See curriculum

• To represent the center, without prejudice to the powers of other educational officers.
• To direct and coordinate all activities of the center towards the same educational project in accordance with existing rules, and without prejudice to the powers conferred on the Faculty and the School Board.
• To direct and promote the effective development of the functions entrusted to the management team, ensuring compliance with laws and other provisions.
• To exercise leadership of all personnel working at the center and adopt resolutions that apply disciplinary rules in accordance with applicable regulations.
• To collaborate with the bodies of the Ministry responsible for education in all matters concerning the achievement

... Continue reading "School Management Powers and Responsibilities" »

Plato's Life, Thought, and Influence

Introduction

Plato, a prominent Greek philosopher of the 4th century BC, belonged to the Idealist school of thought. His philosophical objective was inherently political: to cultivate statesmen. Plato's ideas profoundly influenced Christianity and thinkers throughout history, resonating even today with his assertion that the more educated individuals are, the further they will be from detrimental political practices.

Historical and Biographical Context

During the century between Plato's birth and Aristotle's death, the territory of Greece encompassed modern-day Greece, the Aegean Islands, and coastal regions of Asia Minor. This period marked a cultural zenith in Athens, with a flourishing of arts, literature,... Continue reading "Plato's Philosophy and Political Thought" »

MPGC: The M C classifies products based on two criteria: 1) criteria for durability and tangibility: C non-durable goods, durable goods, and b of C ss; 2) the purchase process: convenience, impulse purchase, specialty, and unsought.

PGC: We understand that everyday consumers often acquire products that are frequently destroyed through use, which must necessarily be low-cost replacements. This implies that the buying process usually involves minimal cognitive effort; the search for information and evaluation of alternatives are minimal, if not fundamentally nonexistent. These are referred to as convenience products.

According to the AMA, the PGC is a process of planning and implementing the concept, price, promotion, and distribution of products... Continue reading "Understanding Consumer Behavior in Product Purchase Decisions" »