Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other subjects

Organizational Structure Variables & Information Processes

For the design of an organizational structure, there are three groups of variables:

1. Variables related to grouping methods.
2. Variables for coordination activities.
3. Variables that ensure coordination moments and are not structurally determined.

Grouping can be performed in two ways: based on results or based on tasks. Thus, there are two basic configurations of design:

• Functional Grouping: People performing the same tasks are grouped together.
• Output-Based Grouping: Each unit has the autonomy to design its own operations and processes.

The design of workflows and operations involves studying how tasks are structured, how information flows, and how people, processes, and machinery are synchronized... Continue reading "Strategic Variables: Organizational Structure, Information, and HR Performance" »

Understanding Conflict and Its Dynamics

Conflict is an interactional process that occurs between two or more parties. It is characterized as an aggressive process, co-constructed by the people involved.

Actors in a Conflict

The actors involved in a conflict have characteristics such as identity, boundaries, and leadership. They have unique and multiple objectives, which can create a win/lose dynamic.

The PIN Pyramid

The PIN Pyramid is a model for understanding the layers of a conflict:

• Position: The static, stated aspect of a party's stance.
• Interests: The more dynamic, underlying motivations.
• Needs: The non-negotiable requirements or interests.

The Conflict Cycle

A conflict typically follows a four-stage cycle:

1. Beliefs and attitudes about the conflict.

The Role of Quality in a Company

What is the Purpose of Quality in a Company?

Quality and continuous improvement are fundamental to the functional organization of a company.

Whose Responsibility is the Quality Function?

The Chief of Maintenance often plays a key role in quality assurance.

Professional Profile for Quality Responsibility

A role responsible for quality requires basic training, especially in hotel service companies.

Who is Entrusted with the Role of Quality?

The Head of Customer Service is often entrusted with the role of quality.

Quality as a Major Objective

The primary objective of quality is the total satisfaction of every internal customer.

Defining Each Workstation

Each workstation in a company is defined by its functions.

Costs Associated

What is the Objective of CMMS in Maintenance?

The objective of a CMMS (Computerized Maintenance Management System) usually incorporates the function of controlling the work on the operation of the computer system. This function must report to both the plant manager and the maintenance manager.

Functions of Job Control

At least four functions of job control include:

1. Centralized labor receipt
2. Planning and estimation
3. Technical support for long-term maintenance plans and budgets
4. Root cause analysis

What is Job Workload?

Workload is the number of tasks that a number of people have to perform.

Relationship Between Job Control and Workload

Small organizations can manage with just one person, provided they have sufficient experience and skill. If necessary, some... Continue reading "CMMS in Maintenance: Job Control, Workload, and Prioritization" »

Economic Systems

Capitalist: Free market enterprise, private factors of production, and wage labor.

Socialist: No free enterprise market, state factors of production, and wage labor.

Mixed: Free enterprise market, mixed factors of production, and wage labor.

Basic Laws of the Market

• Anyone can buy or sell goods and services.
• There must be more than one company or individual offering the same goods and services.
• Mobility of production factors is essential.

Types of Markets

Perfect competition, monopoly, or oligopoly.

Business Structures

Legal Form:

• Single: (1 member)
• Sociedad Anonima (SA): (5+ members)
• Limited Liability Company (SL): (2-50 members)
• Civil Society: (2+ members)
• Corporate Society: (5+ members)
• Partnership: (2+ members)
• Limited Partnership: (5+ members)

Functions and Activities in HR Management

1. Human Resource Planning

Determines quantitative and qualitative staffing needs based on the organization's objectives and strategy within a given time horizon. It is a crucial aspect of HR management, although it has only recently been incorporated.

2. Job Analysis

Essential for understanding the substance of a job and the requirements to perform it effectively.

3. HR Coverage Requirements

• Recruit and select the best-suited candidates and guide them to the appropriate jobs.
• This applies to both internal and external candidates.
• A larger applicant pool allows for more selective hiring.
• The selection process typically involves interviews, resume reviews, and conduct tests.

4. Increasing Human Potential and Individual

Role of the Modern Corporate Communicator

(Based on the human aspect)

The Corporate Communicator (CC) is responsible for administering messages to different audiences in order to be viewed positively and consistently, building trust, credibility, and understanding.

• Create an enabling environment and confidence within the organization.
• Transmit the identity of the organization through proper administration of different messages delivered to the media.

Functions of Public Relations

• Information: Establish appropriate channels to facilitate the process of exchanging information and experiences.
• Persuasive: Knowing determined audiences on aspects of organizational relevance.
• Integrative: Understand the internal and external operations. Establish standing

Understanding Key Tax and Accounting Concepts

Tax-Related Definitions

Tax Unit (ITU) Definition

The Tax Unit (ITU) is a reference value used in tax rules to maintain constant bases for deductions, limits on exemptions, and other aspects deemed appropriate by the legislature. It serves as the base indicator from which various tax bills, fines, and other state-calculated charges are derived.

National Register of Taxpayers (RUC)

The National Register of Taxpayers (RUC) is a computer record maintained by SUNAT (National Superintendency of Tax Administration). It contains identification data and tax liabilities of taxpayers for taxes administered and/or collected by SUNAT.

Understanding KEY SOL

KEY SOL is a set of letters and numbers grouped to form a... Continue reading "Peruvian Tax and Accounting Fundamentals" »

1. Project Name

Briefly describe the project's objective, the executing agency, and the sponsor.

2. Project Nature

Justification/Execution: Explain the reasons for undertaking the project and its origins.

Institutional Framework: Identify the organization responsible for project execution.

Project Purpose: Describe the expected impact of the project.

Project Description: Detail the planned activities and objectives.

Goals: Specify the desired outcomes, services to be provided, and needs to be addressed. Include target completion dates.

Benefits: Identify the project beneficiaries and stakeholders.

Product/Location/Coverage: Describe the project's physical location and spatial coverage.

3. Technical Operational Activities and Tasks

Explain how the various... Continue reading "Project Design: A Comprehensive Approach" »

Elements of Communication

Message: Information, ideas, or feelings to be conveyed.

Code: Specific signs or symbols used to express the message.

Issuer: Person transmitting the message, expecting a response.

Channel: Medium through which the message is passed.

Context: Situation enabling understanding of the message's meaning.

Feedback: Receiver's response to the sender.

Receiver: Person receiving the message.

Formal vs. Informal Communication

Formal

Structured, follows hierarchy, used for official orders.

Informal

Spontaneous, flexible, not following established systems.

Upward Communication

Aims

• Understand staff problems and complaints.
• Encourage employee involvement.
• Obtain feedback on projects.

Downward Communication

Aims and Means

Convey instructions, policies,... Continue reading "Effective Communication: Elements, Types, and Challenges" »