Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other subjects

Functions and Activities in HR Management

1. Human Resource Planning

Determines quantitative and qualitative staffing needs based on the organization's objectives and strategy within a given time horizon. It is a crucial aspect of HR management, although it has only recently been incorporated.

2. Job Analysis

Essential for understanding the substance of a job and the requirements to perform it effectively.

3. HR Coverage Requirements

• Recruit and select the best-suited candidates and guide them to the appropriate jobs.
• This applies to both internal and external candidates.
• A larger applicant pool allows for more selective hiring.
• The selection process typically involves interviews, resume reviews, and conduct tests.

4. Increasing Human Potential and Individual

Role of the Modern Corporate Communicator

(Based on the human aspect)

The Corporate Communicator (CC) is responsible for administering messages to different audiences in order to be viewed positively and consistently, building trust, credibility, and understanding.

• Create an enabling environment and confidence within the organization.
• Transmit the identity of the organization through proper administration of different messages delivered to the media.

Functions of Public Relations

• Information: Establish appropriate channels to facilitate the process of exchanging information and experiences.
• Persuasive: Knowing determined audiences on aspects of organizational relevance.
• Integrative: Understand the internal and external operations. Establish standing

Understanding Key Tax and Accounting Concepts

Tax-Related Definitions

Tax Unit (ITU) Definition

The Tax Unit (ITU) is a reference value used in tax rules to maintain constant bases for deductions, limits on exemptions, and other aspects deemed appropriate by the legislature. It serves as the base indicator from which various tax bills, fines, and other state-calculated charges are derived.

National Register of Taxpayers (RUC)

The National Register of Taxpayers (RUC) is a computer record maintained by SUNAT (National Superintendency of Tax Administration). It contains identification data and tax liabilities of taxpayers for taxes administered and/or collected by SUNAT.

Understanding KEY SOL

KEY SOL is a set of letters and numbers grouped to form a... Continue reading "Peruvian Tax and Accounting Fundamentals" »

1. Project Name

Briefly describe the project's objective, the executing agency, and the sponsor.

2. Project Nature

Justification/Execution: Explain the reasons for undertaking the project and its origins.

Institutional Framework: Identify the organization responsible for project execution.

Project Purpose: Describe the expected impact of the project.

Project Description: Detail the planned activities and objectives.

Goals: Specify the desired outcomes, services to be provided, and needs to be addressed. Include target completion dates.

Benefits: Identify the project beneficiaries and stakeholders.

Product/Location/Coverage: Describe the project's physical location and spatial coverage.

3. Technical Operational Activities and Tasks

Explain how the various... Continue reading "Project Design: A Comprehensive Approach" »

Elements of Communication

Message: Information, ideas, or feelings to be conveyed.

Code: Specific signs or symbols used to express the message.

Issuer: Person transmitting the message, expecting a response.

Channel: Medium through which the message is passed.

Context: Situation enabling understanding of the message's meaning.

Feedback: Receiver's response to the sender.

Receiver: Person receiving the message.

Formal vs. Informal Communication

Formal

Structured, follows hierarchy, used for official orders.

Informal

Spontaneous, flexible, not following established systems.

Upward Communication

Aims

• Understand staff problems and complaints.
• Encourage employee involvement.
• Obtain feedback on projects.

Downward Communication

Aims and Means

Convey instructions, policies,... Continue reading "Effective Communication: Elements, Types, and Challenges" »

Role in Building Regulations

Regular Requirements:

• Technical
• Administrator

Regular Requirements Relating to:

• Functionality
• Security
• Habitability

Regular manufacturing processes of materials, products, and building systems.

Regular systems of standardization of products with the same characteristics.

Regulates the competences of the different actors involved in the construction process.

1.1 - Rules of Application to Building Materials

Spanish Legislation:

• CTE Technical Code for Building
• ETA European Technical Approval
• NBE Building Standards
• NTE Standard Building Technology
• UNE: A Spanish Standard
• Structural Concrete EHE
• RC-08 Instruction for receiving cement

Basic Requirements for Building:

Concerning Functionality:

• Use
• Accessibility
• Access to telecommunication services
• Ease

Procedure for Calculating Exceptionally Low Bids

When you have one tenderer, the reference shall be the Base Budget Bidding (PBL). It is considered an exceptionally low offer if less than 25% of the PBL. The offer is exceptionally low if: A < 0.75 PBL.

When there are two bidders, the difference will be the highest amount bid. Where A is the offer equal to or greater than the supply amount B, the offer is considered reckless if B is less than 20 percentage units of supply A. The offer will be reckless if B meets: B < 0.80 A

Where there are three bidders, A being the offer of equal or greater value than offer B, and B's offer is of equal or greater amount than supply C, the procedure for calculating disproportionate or reckless supply is as... Continue reading "Procedure for Calculating Exceptionally Low Bids in Tenders" »

Evolution of Management Thinking in Business Schools

Classical School

The Classical School, spearheaded by Taylor and Fayol, also known as scientific management, was based on a mechanistic conception of work. This involved a type of human engineering design coupled with the motivation of workers, primarily for economic reasons. The focus was on achieving greater efficiency in the work by improving its procedures and the application of work-related principles of division and specialization.

School of Human Relations

Research showed that not only do physical conditions affect performance, but also industrial relations are important.

Max Weber's Bureaucratic Model

Max Weber's bureaucratic model aimed to find the ideal organizational structure.

Overall

The environment is complex (we hire professionals and experts) and dynamic (not normalized). The technical system is not routine and non-regulatory, involving units or small batches.

Specialization

Relies on professionals (high and low EV EH).

Training

High (experts).

Indoctrination

Important. Professionals are motivated to innovate and assimilate the corporate culture. They should be given this indoctrination.

Execution

Low, to facilitate innovation.

Coordination

Each professional requires prior preparation (skills). The group is the most comprehensive array of potential linkage devices.

Size of Units

Usually small.

Planning and Control Performance Measures

Limited. There is selective decentralization (decisions in different units/different functional specialties)... Continue reading "Decentralization and Organizational Structure in Complex Environments" »

Contingency Theory

• For the theory of contingency, principal variables are the environment and technology.
• Administrative personnel of the first line are the most numerous class of administrators.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

• Maslow: The individual shows concern for needs, and if these are met...
• Endangered

Porter's Five Forces

• The existence of perishable products can lead to rivalry.
• If you substitute products, their bargaining power increases.

Administrative Roles and Skills

• Administrative Roles: Interpersonal relationships, transmission of information, and decision-making.
• The manager's abilities that allow you to coordinate are conceptual.
• For low-level managers, the important skills are technical.

Leadership Styles

• Task-oriented leaders are right for