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Fundamentals of Logic and Reasoning

What is Logic?

Logic is the philosophical discipline that studies the correctness or validity of our reasoning.

The Role of Language in Argumentation

By means of language, we perform various actions: begging someone to lend us money, asking for directions, describing our home, or even, if you have sufficient authority, issuing a command like throwing someone in jail.

Structure of Reasoning, Arguments, and Inferences

A valid argument or inference consists of two main components:

1. Premises: A set of statements expressing the input data or evidence.
2. Conclusion: The final statement expressing new information obtained directly from the premises.

Example of Deductive Reasoning

• Premise 1: The cheese thief is a cat or a mouse.

Relative Clauses in Catalan Grammar

Relative pronouns introduce subordinate clauses. They relate to a substantive element and its antecedent. Examples include: who (el qui parla francès que ens ajudi), when (quan cantaves encara no plovia), how (voldreu pintar l'habitació com...), and where (on es troba on Crist va perdre...) with a relative antecedent.

Specificative Relatives

These are used without a preposition: that (que he vist en la pel·lícula val molt), how (m'agrada la manera com ho veus), or where (el país on sé que no plou). With a preposition: where (en què la moral i reflexions molt antigues són), who (la parella que ha vingut amb qui balles sempre), which (fa un pa del qual l'aroma m'és sensacional), or where (la conversa

Spanish-English Vocabulary: Set 1

• 1) Tener, poseer: to own, to possess.
• Humanidad: humanity, mankind.
• Dejar de: to give up, to stop.
• Junto con: along with, together with.
• Accurate: precise.
• Pasarlo bien: to have a good time; to enjoy oneself.
• Travieso: naughty, mischievous.
• También: as well, too.
• Range: variety.
• Estar parado: to be unemployed; to be out of work.
• Reconfortante: comforting, reassuring.
• Anticuado: out of date, unfashionable.
• Como si: as if, as though.
• Increíble: incredible.
• To be upset: annoyed, angry.
• Fijarse en: to spot, to notice.
• Resultar ser: to prove; to turn out to be.
• Wealthy: well off, rich.
• 2FILA: Whether: characteristic.
• Actually: in fact, really.
• To worship: to adore.
• Sobresaliente: remarkable, outstanding.
• Últimamente: recently, lately.

A nasty nature - caràcter desagradable/apes - primats/award - premi/budget - pressupost/breakthrough - avanç/capercaillie/cast - repartiment/cinematographer - director de fotografia/clone/computer literate - coneixement d'informàtica/despite - malgrat/director/drawback - inconvenient/endangered - en perill d'extinció/extras/food chain - cadena alimentària/footage - imatges/fake - fals/fund - fons/fulfil - complir/gave away - regalar/global warming/huge - enorme/handle - manejar/increasing - en augment/launch - llançament/lifeguard - salvavides/leading actors - protagonistes/loan - préstec/lifelong - de tota la vida/mortgage - hipoteca/mud - fang/oil slick - taca de petroli/plenty of - molt de/press conference - roda de premsa/prop -... Continue reading "Bretton Woods Agreements: Post-WWII Economic Rules and Institutions" »

Food Glossary

l'aceto - vinegar

l'aglio - garlic

l'agnello - anyella l'

l'albicocca - albercoc

amaro, bitter

l'ananas - la pinya

posare la tavola - apparecchiare la taula

l'arancia - la taronja

arrostire - rostir

aspro - sour

assaggiare - taste or provide

avere fame - tenir fam

avere sete - tenir set

la banana - el plàtan

barattolo il - la llauna

la barbabietola - la remolatxa

bere - veure

le bevande - la beguda or veuratge

bicchiere il - el got

la birra - la birra

il biscotto - el biscotxo

la bistecca - steak

bollire - bullir

i broccoli - el bròquil

il burro - la mantega

il caffè - cafè

broth - heat

meat - meat

carne di maiale - la carn de porc

carota - la pastanaga

cavolfiore il - cauliflower

il cavolo - cabbage

dinner - el sopar

sopar dinner (verb)

il cetriolo - el cogombre

il