Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Other courses

A New Techno-Scientific Revolution: Sound and Image

The experimental method advanced rapidly, bringing specialized knowledge about reality and matter in the fields of organic chemistry, physics, biology, and medicine. Technology improved health, life expectancy, and the daily lives of people. In the 1920s, wireless telegraphy allowed communication across borders through broadcasters and radio receivers. Homes began receiving news and entertainment programs very quickly through sound. In the 1930s, politicians used radio for electoral proposals. People saw the first films, and film with sound was more powerful, leaving behind the old silent films. The Warner Brothers crisis introduced sound film.

The Impact of Science on the Mind

A progressive... Continue reading "Technological & Scientific Revolution: Sound, Image & Culture" »

Anisakiasis: A Parasitic Infection from Seafood

Anisakiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the accidental consumption of Anisakis larvae (white) and Pseudoterranova (yellowish-brown-red) in raw fish meat. These are parasitic nematodes (roundworms) with a transversely striated cuticle. They have a terebrant tooth with the opening of the excretory pole (front of the head), a lipless mouth, and an esophagus divided into a long muscular pre-ventricle and a short, oblique one joined to the intestine. They also have three anal glands near the rectum and a spine or mucron at the end of the tail. The definitive host is marine mammals.

Cycle

When sperm whales defecate, unfertilized eggs are removed. These eggs need to form into larvae first. Mature... Continue reading "Anisakiasis and Ascariasis: Parasitic Infections" »

Human Dignity: A Fundamental Assumption

Kant believed that what characterizes human beings from a moral standpoint is their inherent dignity. To violate this dignity is to treat a human as a means or a tool. The end is always the person, who has intrinsic value and not a price. Therefore, they cannot be bought. The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "liberty, justice, and peace are universally established values," the realization of which depends on the recognition of the dignity of all. Dignity itself is not a scientific fact; it does not belong to the vocabulary of science. Some try to deduce it from human nature, others from reason. However, describing reality as it is does not mean deducing norms from it. Intelligence... Continue reading "Human Dignity and the Ethical Project: A Foundation for Universal Values" »

Spanish Literature: A 20th-Century Overview

Modernism

Ramón del Valle-Inclán

Modernist Cycle: The Mareque of Bradomin
Mythic Cycle:

• Barbaric Comedy Trilogy
• Divine Words

Farce Cycle:

• Platform for the Education of Princes
• Bohemian Lights
• Mardi Gras

Grotesque Cycle:

• Altar of Greed
• Lust and Death

Other Modernist Writers

Gabriel Miró: The Berries of the Cemetery, Our Father St. Daniel, and Bishop Leproso
Ramón Pérez de Ayala: The Leg of the Fox and The Dancers (first stage); Toroteras and Tiger Juan (second stage)
Benjamín Jarnés: Useless Professor and Folly and Nobody
Ramón Gómez de la Serna: Known for spreading the avant-garde and inventing the "greguería"

The Generation of '27

Poetry

Federico García Lorca:

• Book of Poems
• Songs
• Poem of Cante Jondo
• Gypsy

Rome: A Journey Through Time

753 BC is believed to be the founding of Rome. Roman history can be divided into three periods: the Monarchy (8th-5th century BC), the Republic, during which Rome conquered the Mediterranean, and the Empire (1st century BC - 5th century AD). Emperor Augustus initiated the Imperial period, which lasted until the 3rd-century crisis and the decline in the 4th century. In 410 AD, Rome was invaded, marking a significant turning point in the civilization's history.

Artistic and Cultural Elements

Emperor Philip's conquest incorporated Greek influences, leading to a Hellenistic culture that valued uniformity. Powerful kingdoms emerged, bringing commercial benefits to Rome, which boasted a more organized structure than Greece.... Continue reading "Ancient Rome: History, Architecture, and the Pantheon" »

Evaluation of Oral Expression

Any activity related to Oral Expression (OE) should be evaluated. In some exercises, we will focus only on the most important errors and correct them. In others, we will attempt an overall assessment of the student's expressive capacity. Normally, a good diagnostic evaluation or competition of the expressive power of a student combines more than one test. Some of the most common are:

• Maintaining a dialogue or an informal conversation.
• Reading a text aloud.
• Making a brief, self-managed intervention: an argument, a comment, a narrative, etc.
• Reacting to a specific situation that requires a formula, routines, and a special language.

In most modern OE tests, students discuss in small groups and interact. Regarding criteria... Continue reading "Oral Expression Assessment and Correction in Primary Education" »

Liberal Revolution in the Reign of Isabella II

Introduction

The reign of Queen Isabella II can be divided into two periods. Her reign meant the consideration and creation of the liberal state, transitioning from the absolute monarchy to a parliamentary one. There were conflicts, such as the Carlist Wars.

Background

Before Queen Isabella II, there was absolutism. King Ferdinand VII, her father, had conflicts with his brother, Carlos, due to the succession laws.

Minority of Isabella II

Carlist Wars

The death of King Ferdinand VII without male descendants created political uncertainty. Castilian tradition, until Philip V of Bourbon, dictated the Salic law. The Cortes of 1789, called by Charles IV, attempted to abolish the Salic law, but it was not officially... Continue reading "Liberal Revolution During the Reign of Isabella II of Spain" »

4 Key Differences Between Living and Inert Matter

Living systems (LS) are highly organized. An animal or plant is a complex organism constituted of different parts, each specialized in a different role. Living systems obtain nutrients from the external environment, which are then used for growth and conservation. Living systems individually reproduce. Through this function, they are capable of generating new, similar beings. In simple terms, single-celled living systems are constituted of one type of molecule with specific characteristics, such as glucides, lipids, and vitamins.

Schematic Organization of Living Systems

Levels:

Elementary Particles > Atoms > Simple Molecules > Complex Molecules > Cellular Organelles > Cells (Single-... Continue reading "Living vs. Inert: Characteristics, Organization, and Biomolecules" »

Primary Structure

Primary Structure: Amino acid sequence, description of all main covalent disulfide bonds and peptide bonds.

• Superfamily: Homology 30%.
• Families: Greater than 50% homology and usually the same function.

Enzymes that break peptide bonds:

• Trypsin
• Chymotrypsin
• Pepsin
• Papain

Predictions from primary structure:

• Homology
• Hydrophobicity
• Secondary structure
• HPLC chromatographic retention
• Accessible and hidden residues
• Mutability

Secondary Structure

Secondary Structure: Folding of the polypeptide chain that occurs due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the atoms forming the peptide bond.

Structures formed:

• Alpha-helix
• Beta-sheet
• Beta-turn

Examples:

• Alpha-helix: Myoglobin (globular protein), Fibrinogen (fibrous protein)
• Beta-sheet: Fibroin (fibrous

Eye

Cornea

1. Anterior corneal epithelium
2. Bowman's membrane
3. Stroma
4. Descemet's membrane
5. Corneal endothelium

Choroid

1. Vascular layer (arteries and veins around conjunctiva lax with melanocytes)
2. Choriocapillaris layer (capillary network in 1 flat)
3. Bruch's membrane

Retina

1. Nerve fiber layer
2. Ganglion cell layer
3. Inner plexiform layer
4. Inner nuclear layer
5. Outer plexiform layer
6. Outer nuclear layer
7. Outer limiting membrane
8. Rod and cone layer
9. Pigment epithelium

Eyelids

(Outside to inside):

1. Skin and dermis of TCL
2. Bundles of striated muscle (orbicularis oculi muscle)
3. Thickened set at the ends (eyelid plates with meibomian glands)
4. Mucous layer (conjunctiva)

Glands: Moll (sweat), Meibomian and Zeis (sebaceous)

Inner Ear

Above the sensory epithelium of the macula are otoliths (calcium carbonate... Continue reading "Female Reproductive and Sensory Organs" »