Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Other courses

What is Reason?

Reason is the human capacity that allows us to understand ourselves and the world around us. It enables us to express this knowledge through language. Our language is primarily auditory, relying on our sense of hearing. However, reason depends on other capacities:

• Senses
• Memory
• Imagination
• Will

Emotions and Feelings

Every human being is an individual unit. All we know of reality is perceived through sentient intelligence and emotional affect. Through mutual recognition, we realize our participation in the world of intersubjectivity. True dialogue requires cordial reason.

Emotions: Our capacity to connect with others and integrate them into our lives generates feelings and emotions. These are generally pleasant, but can sometimes be... Continue reading "Understanding Human Reason and Emotions" »

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Acid and Base Definition According to Bronsted-Lowry

Acid: A substance capable of donating protons.

Base: A substance capable of accepting protons.

For a substance to act as an acid, it must be in the presence of another substance that acts as a base and accepts the proton transferred by the acid. In aqueous solutions, water plays the role of both acid and base.

• When an acid donates protons, it becomes a species capable of accepting protons, called the conjugate base.
• When a base accepts protons, it is transformed into a species capable of donating protons, i.e., an acid, called the conjugate acid.

Equilibrium of Water Dissociation and the Concept of Kw

Water behaves as both an acid and a base according to the reaction:... Continue reading "Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions and Stoichiometry" »

Financial Assets

A financial asset is any asset that is: cash, an equity instrument of another enterprise, or involves a contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset, or to exchange financial assets or liabilities with another party under potentially favorable conditions. They are also classified as a financial asset, any contract that may be or will be settled with equity instruments themselves, provided that:

• a) If it is derived, or may require the entity to accept a variable number of its own equity instruments.
• b) If it is derived, it cannot be, or will not be, settled by a fixed price for a fixed number of its own equity instruments.

Financial assets include obligations, bonds, notes, and other debt securities acquired; stocks,... Continue reading "Financial Assets: Shares, Types, and Rights" »

Business Classification

Based on Sector Activity

• Primary Sector: Involves obtaining raw materials (e.g., livestock, agriculture).
• Secondary Sector: Focuses on the transformation of raw materials or semi-processed products (e.g., industry).
• Tertiary Sector: Concerned with the provision of services.

Based on Capital Ownership

• Private Enterprise: Owned by individuals.
• Public Companies: Owned by the public sector (e.g., state, regional government, municipality).
• Joint Ventures: Ownership is shared between the government and individuals.

Based on Company Size

• Microenterprise: Fewer than 10 employees and annual revenue under 2 million.
• Small Business: 10-49 employees, annual revenue under 10 million.
• Medium Enterprise: 50-249 employees, annual revenue under

Exercise 1: Calculating Monthly Interest Rate

A person invested $12,000 in an institution and received $13,008.00 after seven months. What is the equivalent monthly interest rate that the investor earned?

Solution:

• Initial Capital (C) = $12,000
• Time (n) = 7 months
• Future Value (FV) = $13,008.00

Using the formula: FV / C = (1 + i * n)

13,008.00 / 12,000.00 = (1 + i * 7)

1. 0840 = 1 + 7i

2. 0840 = 7i

i = 0.0840 / 7

i = 0.012 or 1.2% per month

Exercise 2: Equivalent Financial Return

An investment of $15,000 is made for a period of three months at a simple interest rate of 26% per annum. What amount must be invested for two months at a linear rate of 18% per year to achieve the same financial return?

Solution:

Investment 1:

• C = $15,000
• n = 3 months
• i (annual)

Optimal Tilt and Orientation of a Solar Collector in Cadiz

This document discusses the optimal tilt and orientation for a flat plate solar collector located in the province of Cadiz, Spain. The orientation will be towards the equator, which, in the Northern Hemisphere, means facing south.

The ideal tilt angle of a solar collector varies with latitude. For Cadiz, located at approximately 36º latitude, the base tilt is 36º. However, the inclination can be adjusted by ±15º depending on the specific application, usage, and architectural integration criteria. A steeper tilt favors solar incidence during the winter months, while a shallower tilt promotes solar incidence during spring and summer.

Essential Components of a Flat Plate Solar Collector

A... Continue reading "Solar Thermal Collectors: Design, Tilt, and Manufacturers" »

Aging Populations

Population dynamics involve births, deaths, and migration. Spain is experiencing demographic aging, a trend expected to continue for decades. The baby boom generation represents a significant portion of the population, with a notable increase in older women compared to men. This largely urban population presents challenges, particularly regarding pension costs, especially in Mediterranean Europe.

Effects of Aging

• Feminization of old age
• Increased social presence of seniors
• Superannuation and its impact
• Growth in the number of older adults

Consequences of Aging

• A growing proportion of elderly individuals without children (primary caregivers)
• The existence of multigenerational families, altering family dynamics in both rural and urban

Camera Types for Video and Television

The camera's function is to capture the image. We can find a wide variety of video and television cameras, from cheaper designs to more sophisticated markets. We can find a great variety of models. When choosing a camera, several factors must be considered: price, practical aspects (e.g., weight), operational characteristics, and performance (image quality).

Studio Cameras

Studio cameras, for example, are used on set and are usually connected to a production control room. They create high-quality images. They tend to be large, bulky, heavy, expensive, and difficult to transport. They usually incorporate a prompter.

EFP Cameras

EFP stands for Electronic Field Production. These are lightweight cameras. Normally,... Continue reading "Camera Types and Supports for Video Production" »

Evolution of Moderate and Progressive Approaches in Spain (1808-1855)

Fernando VII's reign began in 1808. The start of the decade saw an absolutist Spanish formal university curriculum by 1824, known as the Calomarde Plan.

This plan was a major achievement in college, boosting its government. It transformed the figure of the rector while limiting it to the cloister (the process of centralization). Teachers ought to have sound doctrine and be examples of good conduct, and be responsible for the *aprovechamiento* (academic progress) of their students. Access to the chair was in opposition, in which human, moral, and political qualities were valued, as well as academic ones. There were three types of teachers: owners, substitutes, and *sustitutos*... Continue reading "Moderate and Progressive Education Reforms in Spain (1808-1855)" »

Techniques and Technologies

Techniques are the knowledge, skills, and tools used internationally to achieve a goal, such as creating management systems or knowledge that can generate inventions to facilitate a particular job.

Technologies are applications of scientific knowledge to the production of useful objects.

Brief History of Techniques

It was only in the late eighteenth century, with the Industrial Revolution, that human productive capacity became sufficient to make extensive and deep changes. The industrial age is responsible for the emergence of technical means, made up of industrial concentration, farmland, cities, and infrastructure established over the last two centuries.

World-Economy

The initial cycles of the industrial era opened the... Continue reading "Techniques and Technologies: A World-Economy Perspective" »